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Microbiology Final > Chapter 3: Prokaryotic Profile > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Prokaryotic Profile Flashcards

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1
Q

How to distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes

A

the way their DNA is packaged (lack of nucleus)-circular DNA, the plasmid and the thread-like chromosome; the makeup of their cell wall (peptidoglycan and other unique chemicals); their internal structure (lack of membrane-bounded organelles)

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2
Q

All bacterial cells possess…

A

a cell membrane cytoplasm ribosomes a cytoskeleton one (or a few) chromosome(s)

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3
Q

Some bacterial cells possess…

A

flagella, pili, and fimbriae an outer membrane plasmids inclusions endospores intracellular membranes

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4
Q

Average size of prokaryotic cells

A

1 um

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5
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Cells of one species may vary in shape and size; caused by variations in cell wall structure

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6
Q

Cocci

A

spheres

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7
Q

Diplococci

A

two spheres

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8
Q

Streptococci

A

chain of spheres

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9
Q

Tetrad

A

4 coccis in a square

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10
Q

Sarcina

A

cubic configuration of 8 cocci

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11
Q

Staphylococci

A

grape-like clusters of cocci

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12
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Coccus

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13
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Coccobacillus

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14
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Vibrio (gently curved)

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15
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Bacillus

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16
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Spirillum

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17
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Spirochete

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18
Q

Three parts of a flagella

A

Filament; Hook; Basal Body

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19
Q

Flagellin

A

the protein that composes the filament of the flagella

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20
Q

Pilli

A

Projection that helps bacteria to fasten onto surfaces such as host membranes.

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21
Q

Monotrichous

A

Single flagella

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22
Q

Lophotrichous

A

small bunches or tufts of flagella

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23
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Flagella at both poles of the cell

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24
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella dispersed randomly over the cell

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25
Q
A
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26
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Chemical signals that trigger bacterial movement

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27
Q

Runs (movement)

A

smooth linear movement towards a stimulus

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28
Q

Tumbles (movement)

A

flagellar rotation reverses, causing cell to stop and change its course

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29
Q

Fimbriae

A

short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages up to 1,000/cell; mediate attachment to surfaces

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30
Q

Capsule

A

Outer layer of cell usually composed of polysaccharides; well organized and not easily removed from cell

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31
Q

Slime Layer

A

similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized and easily removed

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32
Q

Glycocalyx

A

a capsule or slime layer composed of polysaccharides; used to avoid phagocytosis and for adhesion

33
Q

Clincial Significance of Glycocalyx

A

Adherence is a major part of infection (staying in), especially in respiratory and urinary tract infections.

34
Q

Function of Glycocalyxes

A

protection from host defenses (e.g., phagocytosis); protection from harsh environmental conditions (e.g., desiccation) , chemicals or osmotic stress; attachment to surfaces; facilitate motility; nutrient storage

35
Q

Composition of Cell Envelope

A

cell wall; cell membrane; outer membrane in some bacteria

36
Q

The bacterial cell wall is a protective barrier against…

A

Osmotic pressure changes and other environmental stressors

37
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria Stain Color

A

Blue/purple

38
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria Stain Color

A

Pink/red

39
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

The primary structure of the cell wall; repeating sugars of N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)

40
Q

Teichoic Acid

A

polymers of glycerol or ribitol joined by phosphate groups; in the cell wall

41
Q

Wall teichoic acids

A

go part way through the wall; protrudes above the wall; gram-positive

42
Q

Lipoteichoic acids

A

go completely through the wall and link to the plasma membrane; protrudes above the wall; gram-positive

43
Q

M Protein

A

a virulence factor; it protrudes from the cell wall; it is required for infection; it is highly susceptible to mutations; gram-positive

44
Q

Mycolic Acid

A

found in myobacterium; waxy liquid incorporated into cell wall; makes cell extremely resistant to environmental stress; acts as a barrier against antibiotics & host defenses; gram-positive

45
Q

Periplasmic Space

A

between plasma and cell wall; smaller in gram-positive

46
Q

Exoenzymes

A

Enzymes secreted by gram-positive bacteria that inflict damage on host’s tissues

47
Q

Unique Features of Gram-Positive Wall

A

Thick peptidoglycan; Phospholipid molecules; one membrane; Teichoic acid & lipoteichoic acid

48
Q

lipopolysaccharides

A

compose the outer membrane of Gram-Negative wall; act as a barrier

49
Q

Phospholipid Molecules

A

compose the outer wall of the Gram-Positive bacterium

50
Q

Teichoic Acids - present or not present in Gram-negative and Gram-positive?

A

Gram-negative: absent

Gram-positive: present

51
Q

Lipid A

A

A lipopolysaccharide endotoxin that stimulates fever

52
Q

Unique features of Gram-Negative Wall

A

Thin peptidoglycan; Lipopolysaccharide; Two membranes; Porins

53
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane

A

lipid bilayer with proteins embedded; contains enzymes of respiration and ATP synthesis since prokaryotes lack mitochondria

54
Q

Name differences between Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative: Peptidoglycan, Teichoic Acid, Lipids, Outer membrane, Toxins, Sensativity to Antibiotics

A
55
Q

Six major strucutres found in cell wall

A

Plasma membrane; Nuclear region; Plasmids; Ribosomes; Inclusion bodies; Endospores

56
Q

Cytoplasm

A

site of nearly all chemical reactions; contains DNA in nucleoid; 70-80% water; soluble proteins, salts, and carbs

57
Q

Plasma Membranes

A

Encompasses the cytoplasm

58
Q

Functions of the Plasma Membrane (4)

A

separation of cell from its environment; selectively permeable barrier; transport systems aid in movement of molecules; detection of and response to chemicals in surroundings with the aid of special receptor molecules in the membrane

59
Q

Phospholipid Layer

A

Composed of polar heads (phillic) and non-polar heads (phobic)

60
Q

Peripheral Protein

A

a membrane protein that is loosely associated and easily removed

61
Q

Integral Protein

A

Membrane protein that is embedded and not easily removed

62
Q

ATP Production occurs…

A

at the plasma membrane; proteins associated with electron transport are here

63
Q

Name the three types of membrane transport

A

Osmosis; Passive Transport; Active Transport

64
Q

Osmosis

A

water chases the concentration of solutes (higher to lower concentration)

65
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Type of passive transport; does not require ATP (higher to lower concentration)

66
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

does not require ATP but uses carrier proteins called permease proteins

67
Q

Active Transport

A

requires ATP (against a concentration gradient)

68
Q

Plasmid

A

single, circular bacterial DNA

69
Q

Nucleoid

A

Dense area of the prokaryotic cell that contains the DNA

70
Q

S Unit

A

The unit used to measure ribosomes by their density

71
Q

Small Subunit S Value

A

30S

72
Q

Large Subunit S Value

A

50S

73
Q

Overall S value of prokaryotic ribsosome

A

70S

74
Q

Ribosome is _____% rRNA and ______% protein

A

60% and 40%

75
Q

S value of Eukaryotic Ribsome

A

80S

76
Q

Function of Ribosome

A

Translates mRNA into proteins

77
Q

Inclusion Bodies/Granules

A

manufactured in response to environment; stores extra nutrients

78
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

shape of cell mostly determined by peptidoglycan; actin and tubulin are proteins that may also alter cytoskeleton

79
Q

Bacterial Endospores

A

small, dormant, resistant derivitave of a bacterial cell; heat resistance; spore coats protect against radiation and chemicals

Microbiology Final (12 decks)

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