Chapter 18: Infectious Diseases Affecting the CVS and Lymphatic System Flashcards
Defenses of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
- 5,000 – 10,000 leukocytes per milliliter of blood
- lymphocytes: specific immunity
- phagocytes: critical to specific and nonspecific response
Septic Shock
cascading immune responses to septicemia resulting in decreased blood pressure
Which of the following terms refers to bacteria flourishing and growing in the bloodstream?
A.fungemia
B.bacteremia
C.septicemia
D.viremia
E.All of the choices are correct.
C. septicemia (key word is flourishing)
The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, being “closed” systems, are always completely sterile.
A.True
B.False
A. True
Malaria’s signs and symptoms
- malaise, fatigue, vague aches, and nausea with or without diarrhea
- chills, fever, and sweating
Causative agent of malaria
Protozoa from the genus Plasmodium
Length of Malaria incubation period
10 days
The four protozoa responsible for malaria
- P. malariae
- P. vivax
- P. falciparum
- P. ovale
Two distinct phases of malarial parasite devt.
- asexual phase carried out in the human ( are the primary vertebrate hosts)
- sexual phase, carried out in the mosquito
Prevention is attempted via
- elimination of standing water that can serve as breeding sites
- spraying of insecticides to reduce populations of adult mosquitoes
- releasing sterile male mosquitos
Humans can reduce their risk by…
- using netting, screens, and repellants
- remaining indoors at night
- taking weekly doses of antimalarial drugs
- Western travelers to endemic areas are usually prescribed antimalarials for the duration of their trip
True or False: The Malaria vaccine is an effective way of treating malaria
False - a vaccine does not exist still
Quinine
longest used malaria treatment
Chloroquine
- the least toxic type of malarial treatment,
- is used in nonresistant forms of the disease
mefloquine or pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine (Fansidar)
Malarial treatments used where resistant strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax predominate
Artemisinin
- a plant compound, has been most effective in treating malaria
- although resistance has been found in Cambodia
falciparum malaria (signs and symptoms)
- persistent fever, cough, and weakness for weeks without relief
- hemolytic anemia from lysed red blood cells
- organ enlargement and rupture due to cellular debris that accumulates in the spleen, liver, and kidneys
Cerebral Malaria
- One of the most serious complications of falciparum malaria
- small blood vessels in the brain become obstructed due to RBCs adhering to blood vessel walls
- decrease in oxygen in the brain can cause coma and death
Symptoms of HIV are directly tied to two things
- the levels of virus in the blood
- the levels of T-cells in the blood
Causative agent of HIV/AIDS
- HIV is a retrovirus in the genus Lentivirus
- retroviruses have the potential to cause cancer
- often fatal diseases
- capable of altering the host’s DNA
Reverse Transcriptase
catalyzes the replication of double-stranded DNA from single-stranded RNA
Viral Life Cycle
- HIV enters a mucous membrane or the skin and travels to dendritic cells beneath the epithelium
- virus grows inside the dendritic cell and is shed without killing the cell
- virus is amplified in the skin, lymph organs, bone marrow, and blood
- virus infects and destroys T & B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages