Chapter 19: Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiratory Defenses
- first line defenses
- nasal hairs
- cilia (the ciliary escalator)
- mucus
- second line defenses
- macrophages
- third line defenses
- pathogen-specific secretory IgA
Immunoglobulin A (IgA, also referred to as sIgA)
- an antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity in mucous secretions,
- including tears, saliva, colostrum and secretions from the genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, prostate and respiratory epithelium!!
Which structure in the respiratory system is attached to the alveoli?
A.Epiglottis
B.Larynx
C.Bronchiole
D.Sinus
C. Bronchiole
Normal Biota of the respiratory tract
- Gram-positive bacteria are common in the normal biota
- streptococci
- staphylococci
Which bacterium is commonly found in the normal biota of the upper respiratory tract?
A.Pseudomonas aeruginosa
B.Escherichia coli
C.Staphylococcus aureus
D.Candida albicans
C. Staphylococcus aureus
Pharyngitis signs and symptoms
- inflammation of the throat
- reddened and/or swollen mucosa
- swollen tonsils
- foul-smelling breath
- white packets visible on the walls of the throat (streptococcal disease)
Causative agents of Pharyngitis
- most often caused by common cold viruses
-
Fusobacterium necrophorum
- gram negative bacteria- lemierre syndrome/sore throat
- Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A, or GAS)
Fusobacterium necrophorum
- opportunistic
- endotoxin, leukotoxin (virulence factors)
- growth on anaerobic agar (diagnosis)
- hygiene practices (prevention)
- penicillin, cefuroxime
- Common in adolescents and young adults, Infections spread to cardio-vascular system or deeper tissues
Rhinitis
- sneezing and runny nose
- scratchy throat
- low fever in kids
- over 200 different viruses
Sinusitis
- infection of sinus:
- various viruses, bacteria, fungi
- broad-spectrum antibiotics and antifungal
Acute Otitis Media
- Infection of middle ear
- Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
- Vaccine
- Prevent by wait and watch
Diptheria’s Causative Agent
-
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- non-spore-forming, gram-positive, club-shaped
Transmission of Diptheria
- droplet contact
- direct contact
- fomites
Virulence factor of Diptheria
Diptheria exotoxin (duh)
Diptheria culture/diagnosis
Tellurite medium (gray/black colonies)
Prevention of Diptheria
Diptheria toxoid vaccine
Treatment of Diptheria
• antitoxin plus penicillin or erythromycin
The use of Prevnar has reduced the incidence of which disease in children?
A.Sinusitis
B.Rhinitis
C.Acute Otitis Media
D.Diphtheria
D. Diptheria
Influenza causative agents
Influenza A, B, and C viruses
Influenza transmission
- Droplet contact
- direct contact,
- indirect contact
Influenza’s virulence factors
- Glycoprotein spikes
- overall ability to change genetically
Culture/diagnosis of Influenza
- Viral culture (3–10 days)
- Rapid antigen-based
- PCR tests
Prevention of influenza
- Killed injected vaccine or inhaled
- live attenuated vaccine taken
- annually
Treatment of influenza
- Amantadine
- rimantadine
- zanamivir
- oseltamivir
Effective vaccines currently exist for use in nearly all populations against:
A. whooping cough.
B. influenza.
C. RSV.
D. A and B.
E. B and C.
F. all of the above.
D. A and B
Pneumonia
- fluid filled alveoli
- caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi
- community-acquired
- Nosocomial
Bacterial agents of pneumonia
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Legionella sp.
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Viral agents of pneumonia
- Hantavirus
- Emerging viruses (SARS, adenoviruses)
Fungal agents of pneumonia
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Pneumocystis jiroveci
Causative agent of Pneumococcal Pneumonia
streptococcus pneumoniae
Diagnosis of A. Pneumococcal Pneumonia
hemolytic on blood agar
Virulence factor of Pneumococcal Pneumonia
capsule
Vaccine for Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Pneumovax (for old folks)
Causative agent of B. Legionnaire’s Disease
Legionella pneumophila
B. Leggionaire’s reservoir
- amoebas
- aqueous habitats
How is B. Leggionaire spread?
Aerosals
Causative agent of atypical pneomonia
Mycoplasma pneomoniae
“Walking Pneomonia”
name given to atypical pneomonia due to lack of acute illness
Causative agents of nosocomial pneumonia
- polymicrobial
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- klebsiella pneumoniae
- anaerobic bacteria
- coliform bacteria
What is the leading cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia?
A.Klebsiella pneumoniae
B.Mycoplasma pneumoniae
C.Chlamydophila pneumoniae
D.Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Streptococcus pneumoniae
