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BusBis > Chapter 4: Ethics > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Ethics

A

principles of right and wrong that individuals acting as free moral agents, use to make choices that guide behavior

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2
Q

5 moral dimensions of info age

A

1) information rights and obligations
2) property rights and obligations
3) accountability and control
4) system quality
5) quality of life

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3
Q

5 moral dimensions of info age: information rights and obligations

A

what info rights do people possess? What can they protect?

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4
Q

5 moral dimensions of info age: property rights and obligations

A

how will traditional intellectual property rights be protected i a digital society in which tracing and accounting for ownership are difficult, and ignoring are easy

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5
Q

5 moral dimensions of info age: accountability and control

A

who are held accountable

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6
Q

5 moral dimensions of info age: system quality

A

what standards of data and system quality should we demand to protect society

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7
Q

5 moral dimensions of info age: quality of life

A

what values preserved in an infor and knowledge based society, what institutions should we protect form violation, which cultural values and practices do new info tech support

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8
Q

Ethical Issues Affecting IT

A
  • misuse of personal info
  • deep fakes
  • lack of oversight and acceptance of responsibility
  • use of AI
  • autonomous tech
  • environmental impact
  • conflict of interest
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9
Q

Model of Thinking about Ethical, social, and political issues

A
  • disturbing force is new tech or system entering society
  • individuals confronted with new situations not covered by old school rules
  • social institutions cannot respond overnight
  • political institutions may require time before developing new laws
  • may be forced to act in “gray area” which requires an understanding of ethics
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10
Q

Tech Trends that Raise Ethical Issues

A
  • doubling of computer power (Moore’s Law)
  • rapidly declining data storage costs
  • networking advances and the internet
  • data analysis advances
  • mobile device growth impact
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11
Q

Doubling of Computer Power – Moore’s Law

A
  • more orgs depending on computer system for critical operations
  • dependencies on systems and vulnerability to errors and poor data have increased
  • laws have not adjusted to ensure standards to ACC. accessibility and reliability
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12
Q

Rapidly Declining Data Storage Costs

A
  • orgs can easily maintain detailed databases on individuals at lower cost
  • made routine violations for individual privacy inexpensive and effective
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13
Q

Networking Advances and the Internet

A
  • copying data from one location to another and accessing personal data from remote locations much easier
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14
Q

Data Analysis Advances

A
  • Profiling
  • Nonobvious relationship awareness
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15
Q

Profiling

A

combining data from multiple sources to create dossiers of detailed info on individuals

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16
Q

Nonobvious relationship awareness (NORA)

A

combining data from multiple sources to find obscure hidden connections that might help identify criminals/terrorists
- can take info about people from disparate sources and find obscure non-obvious relationships

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17
Q

Growth Impact

A

tracking of individual cell phones and devices locations and their data

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18
Q

Ethical Ideas

A
  • ethical choices
  • responsibility
  • accountability
  • liability
  • due process
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19
Q

Ethical choices

A

decisions made by individuals responsible for consequences of actions

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20
Q

Responsibility

A

accept potential costs, duties, and obligations for decisions you made

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21
Q

Accountability

A

mechanism are in place to determine who acted and who is responsible

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22
Q

Liability

A

lawfully allows for recovery of damages from other actors and orgs

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23
Q

Due Process

A

laws are known and understood and able to be appealed to higher authorities to ensure proper application of laws

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24
Q

Ethical Analysis of IS Steps

A

1) identify and clearly describe facts
2) define the conflict and identify the higher-order values involved
3) identify the stakeholders
4) identify options you can reasonably take
5) identify potential consequences of you option

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25
Q

Candidate ethical principles

A

once analysis is complete, what elethic principles or rules should you use to decide? What higher order values should inform your judgement?

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26
Q

Golden Rule

A

Do until others as you would do to you, fairness

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27
Q

Immanuel Kent’s Categorical Imperative

A

if an action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone

28
Q

Slippery Slope Rule

A

if an action cannot be take repeadedly, its not right to take at all

29
Q

Utilitarian Principle

A

take action that achieves higher or greater value

30
Q

Risk Aversion

A

take action that produces the least harm or potential cost

31
Q

Ethical “no free lunch” rule

A

assume virtually all tangible and intangible objects are owned by someone unless there is no specific declaration otherwise

32
Q

Professional Codes of Conduct

A

promulgated by associations of professionals
- promises by professionals to regulate themselves in general interest of society

33
Q

Real World Ethical Dilemmas

A

one set of interests pitted against another
- right of the company to maximize productivity of workers vs. workers right to use internet for short personal tasks
- Facebook monitors user and seels info to advetisers

34
Q

Privacy

A

claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interface from others
Protected by:
- 1st amendment (speech)
- 4th amendment (unreasonable search and seizure)
- additional federal statues

35
Q

Fair Info Practices (FIP)

A
  • set of principles governing the collection and use of info about individuals
  • based on notion of mutuality of interest between record holder and individual
  • after info is gathered, the record may not be used to support other activities without individuals consent
36
Q

Additional Privacy Laws

A
  • Children’s onliine privacy protection act
  • Gramm-leach biley act (customer safeguard protection of sensitive data)
    HIPPA
  • do not track online
37
Q

GDPR

A
  • companies must inform people how info is collected and disclose how it is stored and used
  • required informed consent of customer before a company can “use” data about them
38
Q

Privacy Shield

A

all countries procesing EU data must conform to GDPR requirements

39
Q

Common Types of PII

A
  • name, SSN, IP address, passport number
40
Q

Cookies

A

small text files deposited on a computer harddrive when a user visits websites
- identify the visitors web browser software and track website visits
- website software can review and update cookies, while providing a customized website experience (can’t get names and addresses though)

41
Q

Cookies Steps

A

1) determines computer type and system
2) server gives file with user info, stores on hard drive
3) when returns, server requests cookies

42
Q

Web Beacons

A

programs that keep record of users’ online clickstreams
- report data to whoever owns tracking file
- placed on popular websites by 3rd party firms to monitor behavior of users

43
Q

Spyware

A

calls out to websites to send banner ads and other unsolicited material to user

44
Q

Informed Consent

A

US allows businesses to gather transaction info generated in the market place, then use that info for other marketing purposes without getting informed consent
- when users agree to terms of service, they are agreeing to allow the site to collect info about online activities

45
Q

Opt-Out

A

permits collection of personal info until the consumer specifically requests the data not to be collected

46
Q

Opt-In

A

business is prohibited from collecting info unless consumer takes action to approve collection and use

47
Q

Challenges with Informed Conset

A
  • complexity of info
  • digital literacy
  • changing regulations
  • multi-platform usuage
  • time constraints
48
Q

Some technological solutions for informed consent challenges

A
  • email encryption
  • annonymous tools- VPN (virtual private net)
  • do not track options, private browsing
49
Q

Property rights

A
  • intellectual property
  • difficult to protect –> computerized info can be easily copied
  • subject to a variety of protection under 4 legal traditions (copyright, patients, trademarks and trade secrets)
50
Q

Intellectual property

A

intangible property of any kind created by individuals or corporations

51
Q

Copyright

A

statutory grant that protects creators of intellectual property from having their work copied by other for any purpose during the life of authors + 70 years after death
Intent: encourage creativity and authorship by ensuring creative people receive financial and other benefits for their work

52
Q

Patents

A

grants owner an exclusive monopoloy on the ideas behind an invention for 20 years
- originality, novelty, invention
- grants monopoly on underlying concepts

53
Q

Congressional Intent

A

ensure that investors of a new things receive full financial rewards

54
Q

Trademarks

A

marks symbols and images used to distinguish products in marketplaces
- protects consumers, ensures they receive what they paid for
- protect investments by firms bringing products to market
violations – “knock offs”

55
Q

Trade Secrets

A

any intellectual work used for a business purpose
- software that contains novel or unique elements
- trade secret law protects ideal in a work product, not only the product
- difficult to prevent them from becoming public domain

56
Q

System Quality

A

data quality and system errors
- outages can greatly impact business operations and revenue
- testing is done to debugbut sometimes software is delivered with small bugs

57
Q

Symptoms of Poor Performance

A

-software bugs
- hardware of facility failures
- poor input data quality

58
Q

concentrating economic and political power

A

wealth of big tech firms inevitable translates into political influence (lobbyists)
- goal: ensure legislation that positively effects thehm

59
Q

Reduced Response time to competition

A

rapid moving global marketpulace has reduced normal social buffers that allotted years to adjust to competition

60
Q

Maintaining boundaries

A

separating work and home more blurred

61
Q

Dependence and Vulnerability

A

everything depends on info systems
- vulnerable if fails

62
Q

Computer Crime

A

illegal acts by using a computer or against a computer system

63
Q

Computer abuse

A

acts involving a computer that aren’t illegal but unethical

64
Q

Spam

A

junk emails, text, comms – high cost to combat

65
Q

Equity and acccess

A

some groups less likely to have digital access

66
Q

Health Risks of Technology

A
  • Repetitive Stress Injury
  • computer vision syndrome
  • technostress
  • addiction

BusBis (9 decks)

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