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Biology > Chapter 4- Ecosystems and Communities > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Ecosystems and Communities Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Weather

A

Day to day condutions

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2
Q

Climate

A

Year after year

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3
Q

Climate is what you expect

A

Weather is what you get

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4
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Natural situation in which heat is retained by a layer of green house gases
Co2 methane water vapor etc

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5
Q

Polar zones

A

Cold areas where sun rays strike at a very low angle

Above 66.5 degrees

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6
Q

Temperate zones

A

Between polar and tropical zones

Between 66.5 and 23.5 degrees

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7
Q

Tropical zone

A

Near equator
Very warm

Below 23.5 degrees

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8
Q

Biotic factors

A

Biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem

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9
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Physical/ nonliving factors that shape ecosystems

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10
Q

Habitat

A

The area in which an organism lives

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11
Q

Niche

A

Full range of phys. And biological cond’s in which an organism lives + how they use those cond’s.

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12
Q

Resource

A

Any necessity of life

Water nutrients light food space

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13
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

A fund. rule in eco. states that no two species can have the same niche in the same hab. at the same time

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14
Q

Predation

A

One organism captures and feeds on another organism

Cheetah catching prey

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15
Q

Symbiosis

A

Any relationship in which two species live closely together

Clownfish + anemone

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16
Q

Mutualism

A

:) :)

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17
Q

Commensalism

A

:) :|

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18
Q

Parasitism

A

:) :(

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19
Q

Ecological succession

A

Series of predictable changes in a community over time

20
Q

Primary succession

A

On land where no soil exists

21
Q

Pioneer species

A

First species to populate an area

Lichens

22
Q

Secondary successions

A

When a disturbance is over , community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original conditions

23
Q

Biome

A

Complex of terrestrial communities that covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular assemblages if plants and animals

24
Q

Tolerance

A

Ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions

25
Q

Microclimate

A

The climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it

26
Q

Canopy

A

Leafy tops of tall trees form a dense covering

Tropical rain forest

27
Q

Understory

A

Shade below canopy
2nd layer of shorter trees and vinrs

Tropical rain forests

28
Q

Deciduous

A

A tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year.

Tropical dry firest

29
Q

Coniferous

A

Conifers that produce seed bearing cones and have leaves shaped like needles

Temperate foresr

30
Q

Humus

A

A material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter that makes soil fertile

Temperate forest

31
Q

Taiga

A

Bitterly cold winters and mild summers

Boreal dorests

32
Q

Permafrost

A

Layer of permanently frozen subsoil

33
Q

Plankton

A

A gen. term for the tiny, free-floating orgs that live in both freshwater and saltwater environments

34
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Unicellular algae that firm the base of many aquatic food webs

35
Q

Zooplankton

A

Planktonic animals that feed on phytoplankton

36
Q

Wetland

A

An ecosystem in which water covers the soil it is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year.

37
Q

Estuaries

A

Wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea

38
Q

Detritus

A

Tiny pieces if organic material that provide food for orgs at the base of the estuary’s food web

39
Q

Salt marshes

A

Temperate-zone estuaries dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by seagrasses under water

40
Q

Mangrove swamps

A

Coastal wetlands that are widespread across tropical regions, including Florida and hawaii

41
Q

Photic zone

A

Photosynthesis is limited to this well-lit upper layer

42
Q

Aphotic zone

A

Below photic zone

Permanently dark

43
Q

Zonation

A

Prominent horizontal banding of orgs that live in a particular habitat

44
Q

Coastal ocean

A

Extends from the continental shelf to the low-tide mark

The relatively shallow border that surrounds the continents

45
Q

Kelp forests

A

Named for their dominant organism
A giant brown alga that can grow at extraordinary rates
50 cm a day

46
Q

Coral reefs

A

Named for the coral animals whose hard, calcium carbonate skeletons make up their primary structure.

47
Q

Benthos

A

Orgs that live attached to or near the bottom

Sea stars anemones marine worms

Biology (10 decks)

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