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Human Biology - Unit 3 > Chapter 4 - Divisions Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Divisions Of The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • central nervous system

- peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A
  • nerves that connect the CNS with glands, muscles and receptors
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brain
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves that arise from the spinal cord
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4
Q

What are mixed nerves?

A

Nerves that carry impulses in both directions, ie. towards the brain/spinal cord and away from the brain/spinal cord

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5
Q

How many nerves are mixed nerves?

A
  • most cranial nerves

- all spinal nerves

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6
Q

How are nerves connected to the spinal cord?

A
  • connected by two roots: the ventral root and the dorsal root
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7
Q

What does the ventral root contain?

A
  • the axons of motor neurons that have their cell bodies in the grey matter of the spinal cord
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8
Q

What do dorsal roots contain?

A
  • axons of sensory neurons that have their cell bodies in a small swelling on the dorsal root called the dorsal root ganglion
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9
Q

What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • afferent: somatic sensory neurons and visceral sensory neurons
  • efferent: somatic, autonomic: sympathetic, parasympathetic
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10
Q

Nervous vs hormonal coordination: nature of message

A
  • electrical impulses and neurotransmitters

- hormones

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11
Q

Nervous vs hormonal coordination: transport of message

A
  • along the membrane of neurons

- by the bloodstream

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12
Q

Nervous vs hormonal coordination: cells affected

A
  • muscles and glands, other neurons

- all body cells

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13
Q

Nervous vs hormonal coordination: type of response

A
  • usually local and specific

- may be very general and widespread

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14
Q

Nervous vs hormonal coordination: time taken to respond

A
  • rapid: within milliseconds

- slower: from seconds to days

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15
Q

Nervous vs hormonal coordination: duration of response

A
  • brief: stops quickly when stimulus stops

- longer lasting: may continue long after the stimulus has stopped

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16
Q

What are the similarities between hormonal and nervous coordination?

A
  • some substances function as both hormones and neurotransmitters, eg, ADH, noradrenaline and dopamine.
  • some substances such as oxytocin and adrenaline are secreted by neurons into extracellular fluid
  • some hormones and neurotransmitters have the same effect on the same target cells. Eg, noradrenaline and the hormone glucagon bit act on liver cells to cause glycogen to be broken glucose
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17
Q

What is a fight-or-flight response?

A
  • a response that occurs when the body is in situations that involve stress, fear, anger, danger or competition.
  • these responses prepare the body for increased activity
18
Q

What division of the nervous system is activated in a figh-or-flight response?

A

Sympathetic

19
Q

What physical changes occur in a fight-or-flight response?

A
  • rate and force of contraction of the heart increases, consequently increasing blood pressure
  • airways in the lungs dilate and the rate and depth of breathing increases
  • secretion from sweat glands increases
  • blood vessels in the organs involved in strenuous activity (skeletal muscles, heart and liver) dilate
  • blood vessels in the organs not involved in strenuous activity (m stomach, intestines and skin) constrict
  • blood glucose levels rise because the liver converts glycogen into glucose
  • the Adrenal medullae release adrenaline and noradrenaline which intensify and prolong the above responses.
20
Q

What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A

Impulses form the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have differing effects on organs or tissues

21
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A
  • produces response that tend to prepare the body for strenuous physical activity
22
Q

What does the parasympathetic division do?

A
  • produced responses that generally maintain the body during relatively quiet conditions
23
Q

What neurotransmitters do the division release?

A
  • sympathetic: noradrenaline

- parasympathetic: acetylcholine

24
Q

Effects of sympathetic vs parasympathetic stimulation: heart

A
  • increases rate and strength of contraction

- decreases rate and strength of contraction

25
Q

Effects of sympathetic vs parasympathetic stimulation: lungs

A
  • dilates bronchioles

- constructs bronchioles

26
Q

Effects of sympathetic vs parasympathetic stimulation: stomach, intestines

A
  • decreases movement

- increases movement

27
Q

Effects of sympathetic vs parasympathetic stimulation: liver

A
  • increases breakdown of glycogen into glucose

- increases uptake of glucose and synthesis of glycogen

28
Q

Effects of sympathetic vs parasympathetic stimulation: Iris of the eye

A
  • dilates pupil

- constructs pupil

29
Q

Effects of sympathetic vs parasympathetic stimulation: sweat glands

A
  • increases sweat secretion

- decreases sweat secretion

30
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A
  • the control of the body’s internal environment

- operates without conscious control

31
Q

What regulates the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • hypothalamus
  • cerebral cortex
32
Q

What is a ganglion?

A
  • a groups of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

- most nerve cell bodies are found in the grey matter of the CNS, but in the PNS they are found in ganglia

33
Q

Autonomic vs. somatic division: effectors

A
  • heart muscle, involuntary muscles, glands

- skeletal muscle

34
Q

Autonomic vs. somatic division: general function

A
  • adjustment of the internal environment (homeostasis)

- response to the external environment

35
Q

Autonomic vs. somatic division: efferent pathway

A
  • two nerve fibres from CNS to effector with synapse in a ganglion
  • one nerve fibre fro CNS to effector, no synapse, no ganglion
36
Q

Autonomic vs. somatic division: neurotransmitter at effector

A
  • noradrenaline or acetylcholine

- acetylcholine

37
Q

Autonomic vs. somatic division: control

A
  • usually involuntary

- usually voluntary

38
Q

Autonomic vs. somatic division: nerves to target organ

A
  • two sets: sympathetic and parasympathetic

- one set

39
Q

Autonomic vs. somatic division: effect on target organ

A
  • excitation or inhibition

- always excitation

40
Q

What is the function of the afferent division?

A

Carries impulses into the CNS from receptors

41
Q

What is the function of the efferent division?

A

Carries impulses away from the CNS

42
Q

What are the divisions of afferent?

A
  • somatic sensory neurons from skin and muscle

- visceral sensory neurons from internal organs

Human Biology - Unit 3 (18 decks)

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