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Human Biology - Unit 3 > Chapter 10 - Protection Against Invaders > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Protection Against Invaders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease causing organisms

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2
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that are caused by foreign organisms invading the body and multiplying there

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3
Q

What does contagious mean?

A

Diseases are passed on by direct or indirect contact with a person suffering from the disease

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4
Q

What are vectors?

A

Intermediate hosts of pathogens

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5
Q

What are some examples of vectors?

A
  • fleas
  • mosquitoes
  • ticks
  • flys
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6
Q

What do external defences do?

A

Stop pathogens from entering the body

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7
Q

What are the most common types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria and viruses

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

A
  • many bacteria are essential to life
  • some bacteria are used in industrial processes
  • huge numbers of bacteria live on our skins, in our alimentary canal and in other parts of the body
  • bacteria all consist of a single cell and can only be seen with a microscope
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9
Q

What does a bacteria cell consist of?

A
  • flagella
  • slime layer
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • DNA
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10
Q

What are the types of bacteria?

A
  • cocci
  • bacilli
  • spirilla
  • vibrio
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11
Q

What are cocci?

A

Spherical cells that may occur singularly, in pairs (diplodocus), in clusters (staphylococci) or in chains (streptococci)

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12
Q

What is the singular of cocci?

A

Coccolith

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13
Q

What are bacilli?

A

Rod-shaped cells that may have flagella for movement.

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14
Q

What is the singular of bacilli?

A

Bacillus

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15
Q

What are spirilla?

A

Twisted cells

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16
Q

What is the singular of spirilla?

A

Spirillum

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17
Q

What are vibrio?

A

Curved rods, often shaped like a comma

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18
Q

What genetic material do viruses contain?

A

DNA or RNA

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19
Q

What do viruses do when they infect a living cell?

A

It’s DNA or RNA induces the cell to produce more virus particles

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20
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that multiply in bacterial cells, killing the bacteria

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21
Q

What are the different ways a disease can be transmitted?

A
  • transmission by contact
  • transfer of body fluids
  • infection by droplets
  • ingestion
  • airborne transmission
  • transmission by vectors
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22
Q

What is transmission by contact?

A

The spread of a pathogen by contact, direct of indirect.

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23
Q

What is transfer of body fluids?

A

When blood or other body fluids from an infected person come in contact with mucous membranes of the bloodstream of an uninfected person.

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24
Q

What is infection by droplets?

A

Occurs when tiny droplets of moisture are emitted when breathing, talking, sneezing or coughing.

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25
Q

What is ingestion of pathogens?

A

When food or drink ingested are contaminated with pathogens

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26
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

Occurs when moisture in exhaled droplets evaporates, viruses and some bacteria remain viable and can cause infection if inhaled.

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27
Q

What is transmission by vectors?

A

The transfer of pathogens by other animals, such as ticks, fleas of mosquitoes. Can be direct of indirect (food, flies)

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28
Q

What are defences?

A

Mechanisms that protect the body from invasions by micro organisms

29
Q

What are non-specific defences?

A

Defences that work against all pathogens

30
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence?

A

Non-specific defences

31
Q

What are specific defences?

A

Defences directed at a specific pathogen.

32
Q

What are the external defences?

A
  • skins
  • mucous membranes
  • hairs
  • cilia
  • acids
  • lysozyme
  • cerumen (ear wax)
  • flushing actions
33
Q

What are protective reflexes?

A

An automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus that helps to prevent the body against injury or infection.

34
Q

What are the 4 protective reflexes?

A
  • sneezing
  • coughing
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
35
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Cells that can engulf and digest micro-organisms and cell debris.

36
Q

What are leucocytes?

A

White blood cells

37
Q

How does skin work as a non-specific defence?

A
  • physical barrier
  • sebum (oily secretion) produces substances that kill some pathogenic bacteria
  • sweat contains salt and fatty acids that prevent the growth of many micro-organisms
38
Q

How do mucous membranes work as a non-specific defence?

A
  • secrete mucus which inhibits the entry of micro-organisms into the organs of the body
39
Q

How do hairs work as a non-specific defence?

A
  • trap foreign particles
40
Q

How do cilia work as a non-specific defence?

A
  • cilia beats to remove mucus containing foreign particles and micro-organisms
41
Q

How do acids work as a non-specific defence?

A
  • kill bacteria (stomach juices, vagina, sweat)
42
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

An enzyme that kills bacteria

43
Q

Where is lysozyme found?

A

Saliva, tears, sweat, secretions of the nose and tissue fluid

44
Q

What is cerumen?

A

Ear wax

45
Q

How does cerumen work as a non-specific defence?

A
  • slightly acidic

- contains lysozyme

46
Q

What is the stimulus for sneezing?

A

Irritation of the walls of the nasal cavity.

47
Q

What is the stimulus for coughing?

A

Irritation in the lower respiratory tract, the bronchi and bronchioles

48
Q

What is the stimulus for vomiting?

A

Psychological stimuli, over stretching of the stomach and bacterial infections

49
Q

What is the stimulus for diarrhoea?

A

Irritation of the small and large intestines caused by bacteria, viruses or protozoans

50
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Cells that can engulf and digest micro-organisms and cell debris

51
Q

What do macrophages develop from?

A

Some leucocytes

52
Q

What are the types of macrophages?

A
  • wandering, looking for pathogens

- fixed, deal with pathogens that come directly to them

53
Q

What are the two ways that phagocytes work?

A
  • engulf and digest the micro-organisms

- release substances that destroy them

54
Q

What are the purposes of inflammation?

A
  • reduce the spread of any pathogens, to destroy them and to prevent entry of additional pathogens
  • remove damaged tissue and cell debris
  • begin repair of the damaged cell
55
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A
  • redness
  • swelling
  • pain
  • heat
56
Q

What are some differences between bacteria and viruses?

A
  • bacteria can be seen with a light microscope, viruses can only be seen with an electron microscope
  • bacteria have cell walls, viruses do not
  • bacteria can live independently, viruses need a host cell to survive
  • bacteria contain both DNA and RNA, viruses have one or the other
57
Q

What is fever?

A

An elevation in body temperature

58
Q

What are the benefits of fever?

A
  • inhibits the growth of some bacteria and viruses

- heat speeds up the rate of chemical reactions, which may in turn help body cells repair more quickly during disease

59
Q

What causes fever?

A

Pyrogens

60
Q

How do pyrogens work?

A

They are released by white blood cells during the inflammatory response and act directly on the hypothalamus

61
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A

Projections of a phagoctyic cell surround the invading micro-organism and take it into the cell where it is destroyed by enzymes.

62
Q

Why are phagocytes important?

A

Phagocytes ingest micro-organisms and cell debris before they have a chance to cause symptoms of disease

63
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Special cells present in most tissues that stimulate and coordinate inflammation by releasing chemicals

64
Q

What are the steps of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. When stimulated by mechanical damage or local chemical damage, mast cells release histamine, heparin and other substances into the tissue.
  2. Histamine increases blood flow through the area and causes the walls of the blood capillaries to become more permeable so that fluid is filtered from the blood.
  3. Heparin prevents clotting in the immediate area of the injury. A clot of the fluid around the damaged area does form and this slows the spread of the pathogen into healthy tissue.
  4. The chemicals released by mast cells attract phagocytes. Macrophages and leucocytes actively consume micro-organisms and debris by phagocytosis.
  5. The abnormal conditions in the tissue stimulate pain receptors, and so the person feels pain in the inflamed area.
  6. The phagocytes, filled with bacteria, debris and dead cells, begin to die. The dead phagocytes and tissue form a yellow liquid called pus.
  7. New cells are produced by mitosis and repair of the damaged tissue takes place.
65
Q

What causes heat in the inflammatory response?

A
  • increased blood flow
66
Q

What causes redness in the inflammatory response?

A

Increased blood flow

67
Q

What causes swelling in the inflammatory response?

A

The escape of fluid from the blood into the tissues

68
Q

What causes pain in the inflammatory response?

A

The abnormal conditions in the tissue stimulate pain receptors

Human Biology - Unit 3 (18 decks)

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