Chapter 4: Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Flashcards
Contrast the terms acute disease and chronic disease. Provide three examples of each type of disease.
- acute disease: infectious, diseases where the peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months/sooner and recovery of those who survive is complete (ex. common cold, flu, chickenpox)
- chronic disease: the symptoms last more than 3 months-rest of life, recovery slow & incomplete (ex. AIDS, TB, syphilis)
Contrast the terms communicable disease and noncommunicable disease. Provide three examples of each type of disease.
- communicable disease: infectious; diseases where the biological agents/products are the cause, are transmissible from one individual to another (ex. covid, syphilis, AIDS)
- noncommunicable diseases: can’t be transmitted from one person to another; harder to find the cause bc many factors (genetic, enviornmental, behavioural) can contribute to it (ex. heart disease, diabetes, CHD)
What are the components of a simplified communicable disease model?
- host: person/other living organism that afford subsistence or lodgemnet to a communicable agent under natural conditions
- agent: cause of the disease
- environment: physial, biological, social factors that inhibit or promote disease transmission
Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and provide an example of each.
- primary prevention: purpose was to forestall the onset of illness/injury during the period before the disease process begins (ex. heatlh education/promotion programs)
- secondary prevention: early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe (ex. self diagnosis, self-treatment, health screenings)
- tertiary prevention: retrain, re-educate, and rehabilitate patient who has already incurred a disability
Define the following terms—case, carrier, vector, vehicle.
- case: a person who is sick w/ a disease
- carrier: person/animal that harbors specific communicable agent in absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection to others
- vector: a living organism (usually an anthropod-mosquito, tick) that can transmit a communicable agent to susceptible hosts
- vehicle: an inanimate material or object that can serve as a srouce of infection
List five examples each of vectorborne diseases and nonvectorborne diseases.
- vectorborne: dengue fever, west nile virus, lyme disease, malaria, cholera
- nonvectorborne: zika virus
Explain the difference between the public health practices of isolation and quarantine.
- isolation: separation (for period of communicability) of infected persons/animals from others to prevent the direct/indirect transmission of the communicable agent to a susceptible person)
- quarantine: limitation of freedom of movement of well persons/animals that have been exposed to a communicable disease until the incubation period has passed
what is eradication?
complete elimination or uprooting of a disease from a human population
what is intervention?
efforts to control a disease in progress
what is prevention?
planning for and taking of action to prevent or forestall the occurrence of an undesirable event
what is the most biggest noncommunicable disease?
heart disease
what does “Number of years of potential life lost” mean?
if a person dies before their time, how many years did you lose?
what is direct transmission?
when there’s an immediate transfer of an infectious agent, happens by direct contact btwn individuals who are infected and people susceptible to transmission
what are the 4 diff methods of indirect transmission? explain
- Airborne: disease spreads via microbial aerosols
- Vehicle borne transmission: contaminated objects/materials
- Transfer disease via a vector - Biological transmission: When there’s a vector involved, but the disease multiplies or experiences changes within the vector before th vector transmits it to the human host
- Btwn people? Orally
what is etiology?
cause of the disease
how does chronic heart disease damage arteries?
Arteries become atherosclerosis (narrowing of blood vessels bc of cholesterol buildup)
what is cerebral vascular disease?
- aka stroke
- damage to the blood vessels of the brain resulting in disruption of circulation in the brain
- Blood clot can form and affect circulation in the brain
what is ischemia?
absence of oxygen in the blood
what is cancer/malignant neoplasms?
uncontrolled new tissue, abnormal growth, cells lose control of the way they grow and divide
What does stage 1/2/3/4 cancer mean?
- Staging describes extent/spread of cancer
- In situ : cancer stays in original place
what are biological causative agents for diseases and injuries?
- Viruses
- Rickettsiae - in lice, ticks, etc
- Transmitted by insect bites to the host
- Cause typhus and rocky mountain spotted fever
- Fungi
- Protozoa - 1 celled organisms
- Metazoa - multi celled organisms
what are chemical causative agents for diseases and injuries?
- Pesticides
- Food additives
- Pharmacologics
- Industrial chemicals
- Air pollutants
- Cigarette smoke
what are physical causative agents for diseases and injuries?
- Heat
- Light
- Radiation
- Noise
- Vibration
- Speeding
what is the chain of infection? explain steps
- Pathogen -> reservoir -> portal of exit -> transmission -> portal of entry -> establishment of infection in new host
- Pathogen: ex. The virus
- Reservoir: the infected host
- Portal of exit: how does that pathogen exit the reservoir? (ex. Sneezing and coughing during covid)
- Transmission: how does it spread
- Portal of entry: the new, uninfected host
what is zoonosis?
communicable disease that can be transmitted under natural conditions from animals to humans
what is anthroponoses?
diseases that only affect humans
what is direct transmission?
- immediate transfer of the disease agent btwn the infected and susceptible individuals by direct contact (ex. aids, syphilis)
what is included on the multicausation disease model?
- environment
- health care system
- water quality
- infectious disease outbreaks
- air pollution
- economics
- you personality, beliefs, and behavioural choices
- your genetic endowment
what criteria can be used to judge the importance of a particular disease to a community?
- number of ppl who die from a disease
- the number of yrs of potential life lost attributable to a particular cause
- economic costs assoc. w/ a particular disease or health condition
what is control?
- general term for the containment of a disease, can include both prevention and intervention measures
- often used to mean the limiting of transmission of a communicable disease in a population
what is active immunity?
- when a person is exposed to an organism that causes disease, their body develops antibodies that know how to fight off that disease
- person can be exposed to a disease-causing organism through an infection or through a vaccine
what is passive immunity?
when a person receives the antibodies rather than their body making them
