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HEAL3600 > Chapter 12: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scope of the current drug problem

A
  • Nations #1 community health problem
  • More deaths, illnesses, and disabilities can be attributed to substance abuse than any other preventable health condition
  • Indirect (crime and law enforcement, courts, jails, and social work) and direct costs (health care, premature death, impaired productivity)
  • Those abusing are threats to themselves, their families and communities
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2
Q

drugs

A

substance other than food that when taken in small quantities, alters one’s physical, mental, or emotional state

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3
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that alter sensory perceptions, moods, thought processes, or behaviour

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4
Q

drug use

A

a non-evaluative term referring to drug taking behaviour in general

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5
Q

drug misuse

A

inappropriate use of prescription and non-prescription drugs

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6
Q

drug abuse

A

use of a drug when its detrimental to a person’s health or wellbeing

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7
Q

Drug (chemical) dependence

A

psychological and sometimes physical state characterized by a craving for a drug

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8
Q

Psychological dependence

A

psychological state wherein a person has an overwhelming desire to continue using a drug

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9
Q

Risk/protective factors

A
  • factors that increase/decrease the probability of drug use

- Can be genetic or environmental

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10
Q

2 types of inherited alcoholism:

A

Type 1 and 2

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11
Q

Type 1 alcoholism

A

develops during adulthood, characterized by binge drinking and long periods of abstinence, rapid progression from mild to severe alcohol use, accompanied by development of alcoholic liver disease, loss of control over drinking, feeling guilty about drinking (aka milieu-limited)

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12
Q

Type 2 alcoholism

A

commences during adolescence or early adulthood, alcohol consumption frequently accompanied by fighting or arrests, alcohol abuse moderately severe and frequently there’s treatment, severity doesn’t change over time

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13
Q

Environmental risk factors for drug use

A
  1. Personal factors
  2. Home and family life
    - If kids in the household are taught how to get alone w/ family members and other people, it lessens the chance of them turning to alcohol and drug use
  3. School and peer groups
    - Peer pressure
  4. Sociocultural environment
    - If there’s a lot of available drugs in a person’s immediate neighbourhood
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14
Q

Legal drugs

A

Alcohol, nicotine, nonprescription (over-the-counter) drugs, prescription drugs, marijuana

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15
Q

Controlled substances and illegal/illicit drugs

A

hallucinogens, stimulants, depressants, club drugs and designer drugs, anabolic drugs, inhalants

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16
Q

Binge drinking gender diffs

A

For males, consuming 5 or more drinks in a row

For females, 4 or more drinks in a row

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17
Q

Problem drinkers

A

when a person’s alcohol consumption results in a medical, social, or other type of problem

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18
Q

Alcoholism

A

a disease; characterized by having impaired control over drinking, can’t stop thinking about drinking, use alcohol despite adverse consequences

19
Q

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

A

%age of blood alcohol in a persons blood

Injuries also a risk

20
Q

Nicotine

A
  • Psychoactive and addictive drug present in tobacco products
  • Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or secondhand smoke
  • Canada’s 1997 tobacco act
  • Changed to tobacco and vaping products act
  • Tobacco use is single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in canada
  • Community efforts: tax increases on cigarettes
21
Q

Synar amendment

A

federal law that requires states to set the minimum legal age for buying tobacco products @ 18 y/o

22
Q

OTC (over the counter drugs)

A
  • Legal drugs other than alcohol and tobacco that can be purchased w/o dr prescription
  • Carefully regulated by therapeutic products directorate of health canada
  • Most only provide symptomatic relief not a cure
  • Subject to misuse and abuse
23
Q

Prescription drugs

A
  • Can be purchased only w/ dr’s prescription bc they have serious side effects for some
  • Regulated by health canada
  • Can be misused and abused
  • Risk of dependence and unintentional overdose
  • Development of drug resistant strains of pathogens
24
Q

Controlled substances and illicit drugs

A
  • Those regulated by the controlled drug and substances act
  • Can’t be cultivated, manufactured, bought, sold or used within the confines of the law
  • Police responsible for enforcing the controlled drugs and substances act
25
Q

Marijuana

A
  • Products derived from hemp plant (cannabis sativa)
  • Used to be Most abused illicit drug in north america
  • Often used in conjunction with other drugs - polydrug use
  • Acute effects - reduced concentration, slowed reaction time, impaired judgment
  • Chronic effects - damage to respiratory system (if smoked), amotivational syndrome (pattern of behaviour characterized by apathy, loss of effectiveness, and more passive introverted type personality)
26
Q

Synthetic marijuana

A
  • Emerging cause for concern
  • Chemically produced w/ properties similar to THC
  • Pose serious threat to communities - potential for abuse and other adverse health effects, long term effects unknown
  • Canada has banned synthetic marijuana
27
Q

narcotics

A
  • Opium and its derivatives, morphine and heroin, come from oriental poppy plant
  • Narcotics numb senses and reduce pain
  • High potential for abuse
  • Opium poppies not legal in canada; drug trafficking probs
  • Heroin addiction leads to significant community health problems
  • You can develop a tolerance to narcotics
28
Q

tolerance

A

physiological and enzymatic adjustments that occur in response to chronic presence of drugs, reflected in the need of ever increasing doses

29
Q

Cocaine and crack cocaine

A
  • Cocaine is psychoactive ingredient in leaves of coca plant
  • Powerful and addictive euphoriant/stimulant
  • Purified forms - salt (white powder), dried paste (crack)
  • If someone’s never had it before, it could kill them
30
Q

hallucinogens

A
  • Produce profound distortion of the senses, illusions, hallucinations, changes in perceptions
  • Synesthesia - mixing of senses
  • Both naturally derived and synthetic
  • Lsd, mescaline, peyote, mushrooms
31
Q

Stimulants

A
  • Drugs that increase activity of the central nervous system
  • Amphetamines
  • Prescription drugs; widely abused
  • Methamphetamines often made in clandestine labs
32
Q

Depressants

A
  • Slow down CNS
  • May lower anxiety and inhibitions
  • Tolerance develops
  • Strong physical dependence
  • Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
33
Q

Club drugs and designer drugs

A
  • Illicit drugs, primarily synthetic, most commonly encountered @ nightclubs and raves
  • MDMA (ecstasy) most popular club drug
  • Rohypnol - date rape drug
  • Designer drugs - synthesized by amateur chemists in secret labs
  • Constantly change design to stay ahead of law enforcement
34
Q

Anabolic drugs

A
  • Protein building drugs
    anabolic/androgenic steroids, testosterone, humane growth hormone
  • Increase protein synthesis
  • Some have legitimate medical uses
  • Sometimes abused by athletes and body builders
  • Acute and chronic side effects
35
Q

Inhalants

A
  • Collection of psychoactive breathable chemicals
  • Paint solvents, motor fuels, cleaners, glues, aerosol sprays
  • Easy availability
  • Low cost
  • Often drug choice of young
  • Acute and chronic effects
36
Q

Prevention and control of drug abuse requires knowledge of:

A
  • Causes of drug taking behaviour
  • Are people relying on drugs bc they’re stressed out bc of money?
  • Sources of illicit drugs
  • We can try to cut off sources of drugs to stop spread
  • Drug laws
  • Treatment programs
  • Community organizing skills
37
Q

levels of prevention in terms of drug abuse?

A
  1. Primary prevention aimed @ those who have never used drugs
    - Trying to prevent/put off people from using drugs
  2. Secondary prevention aimed at those who have used, but aren’t chronic abusers
    - Appropriate for young people
  3. Tertiary prevention aimed @ drug abuse treatment and aftercare, including relapse prevention
38
Q

elements of drug prevention

A
  1. Education
  2. Treatment
    - Care that removes the physical, emotional, and environmental conditions that have contributed to their drug abuse/dependence
    - Environmental conditions that contribute to drug use
    - Aftercare: continuing care provided for former drug abuser who’s recovering
  3. Public policy
    - Guiding principles and courses of action that gov’ts take to solve practical problems affecting society
  4. Law enforcement
    - Applying federal, provincial, and local laws in order to arrest, jail, bring to trial and sentence those people who break drug laws or break laws because of drug use
  5. Education and treatment goals same: reduce demand for drugs
  6. Public policy and law enforcement goals same: reduce supply and availability of drugs
39
Q

what are some governmental drug prevention and control agencies and programs

A
  • Include a multitude of federal, provincial and local agencies
  • Aim to reduce either supply or demand for drugs
  • Health products and food branch of health canada: responsible for drug prevention and control in canada, assess the safety, quality, and efficacy of drugs in canada
40
Q

ex of Nongovernmental drug prevention and control agencies and programs

A
  • Community based drug education programs
  • School based drug education programs
  • Aimed to educate kids about drugs and assist students w/ alcohol or other drug problems
  • Workplace based drug education programs
  • Employee assistance programs
  • Voluntary health agencies
41
Q

Community based drug education programs most likely to be successful when they include:

A
  • Comprehensive strategy
  • Indirect approach to drug abuse prevention
  • Goal of empowering youth
  • Participatory approach
  • Culturally sensitive orientation
  • Highly structured activities
42
Q

What are some community consequences resulting from the abuse of alcohol and other drugs?

A
  • loss of economic opportunity
  • loss of productivity and revenue
  • incerase in # of broken homes
  • epidemics of STDs
43
Q

What are the two sources of risk factors that contribute to substance abuse?

A

inherited and environmental risk factors

44
Q

What is the most commonly abused illicit drug? Why is this drug a concern?

A

marijuana

  • illegal in us, brings user into contact w/ those involved in illegal activities
  • act of smoking detrimental to health
  • smoking occurs in conjunction w/ drinking of alcohol or use of other drugs

HEAL3600 (12 decks)

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