chapter 4-cognitive approach to depression Flashcards
what does the cognitive approach argue?(depression)
depression occurs due to maladaptive fully thinking and irrational beliefs
what was Ellis cognitive model of depression and what did he say?
ABC model
-depression isn’t just the result of an unpleasant event it depends on what the person believes and thinks about those events
what does ABC stand for?
A-adverse events
B-beliefs
C-consequences
what did Beck describe the effects of in his cognitive approach to depression?
1)Negative scheme
2)cognitive errors
3)biased memory
NASTY SMELLY CATS EAT BAD MEA
What did beck say about negative schemas?
- extreme negative thinking that a person with depression shows,comes from a negative schema
- these people are more likely to suffer from depression as it acts like ‘negative spectacles’
what is a scheme?
a mental representation of previously held knowledge and views thats held in the LTM
when are negative schemes argued to develop?
- in childhood due to parents who are neglecting and highly critical or abusive
- this may lay dormant in childhood explaining why people get depressed when they are older
what was becks cognitive triad?
he found that people suffering from depression end to show negative thinking about the
1) self
2) world
3) future
what are the three examples of cognitive errors?
Catastrophising- always assuming the worst will happen
Applying a negative filter-only pays attention to the negative info
Misinterpreting postive events in a negative way
what is memory bias?
people with depression often become biased towards remembering negative events from their lives and can’t recall positive ones
-trapped in a vicious cycle
what evidence is there for memory bias?method?
Clark and Teasdale
-tested depressed patents fro their memories of events that had happened in their lives
results of clark and teasdale?conclusion?
- when a persons memory was negative in the morning,their memories were more negative then than in the evening
- depressed moods cause bias in memory
what evidence is their for negative thinking increasing the vulnerability to depression?
LEWINSOHN 2001
- measured negative attitudes in adolescents,none were depressed at the start of the study
- he followed them up and assessed whether they were suffering from depression and if they had experienced a unpleasant life event
results of Lewinsohns study?
-those who had experienced an event,had a negative attitude and were more likely be suffering from depression
what does cognitive behaviour therapy focus on?
- the problems the patient has then and there
- usually lasts between 5-20 sessions
what are the two steps involved in cognitive behaviour therapy?
- identify the distorted thinking
- challenge the distorted thinking
whats involved in identifying distorted thinking?
using though diaries- where the patient writes down any times they feel particularly depressed during the day ands what was happening during this time
what two things are involved in challenging dysfunctional thinking?
socratic questioning - patient gets asked a series of questions to help them discover new ways of thinking
collaborative empiricism- when patients are encouraged to view their beliefs as a hypothesis to be systematically tested
what study looked into the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy?aim?
APPLEBY 1997
aim-to compare the effectiveness of CBT with antidepressant medication in women suffering post natal depression
what was Applebys method?
87 women who had post natal depression were randomly assigned to one of three conditions given over 12 weeks
1) anti depressants
2) cognitive behavioural therapy
3) drug placebo
results of Applebys study?
CBT was just as effective in reducing symptoms as medication
what study looked into the long term effects of CBT compared to medication?aim?
Holen et al 2005
aim-to investigate the long term effectiveness of CBT compared to medication
method and results one Holens study?
method-104 patients who responded well to cbt or antidepressants were followed up over 12 months and rates of relapse was messaged
results- CBT has more enduring long term effectiveness compared to medication
