chapter 4-cognitive approach to depression

Question 1

what does the cognitive approach argue?(depression)

Answer 1

depression occurs due to maladaptive fully thinking and irrational beliefs

Question 2

what was Ellis cognitive model of depression and what did he say?

Answer 2

ABC model
-depression isn’t just the result of an unpleasant event it depends on what the person believes and thinks about those events

Question 3

what does ABC stand for?

Answer 3

A-adverse events
B-beliefs
C-consequences

Question 4

what did Beck describe the effects of in his cognitive approach to depression?

Answer 4

1)Negative scheme
2)cognitive errors
3)biased memory
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Question 5

What did beck say about negative schemas?

Answer 5

• extreme negative thinking that a person with depression shows,comes from a negative schema
• these people are more likely to suffer from depression as it acts like ‘negative spectacles’

Question 6

what is a scheme?

Answer 6

a mental representation of previously held knowledge and views thats held in the LTM

Question 7

when are negative schemes argued to develop?

Answer 7

• in childhood due to parents who are neglecting and highly critical or abusive
• this may lay dormant in childhood explaining why people get depressed when they are older

Question 8

what was becks cognitive triad?

Answer 8

he found that people suffering from depression end to show negative thinking about the

1) self
2) world
3) future

Question 9

what are the three examples of cognitive errors?

Answer 9

Catastrophising- always assuming the worst will happen
Applying a negative filter-only pays attention to the negative info
Misinterpreting postive events in a negative way

Question 10

what is memory bias?

Answer 10

people with depression often become biased towards remembering negative events from their lives and can’t recall positive ones
-trapped in a vicious cycle

Question 11

what evidence is there for memory bias?method?

Answer 11

Clark and Teasdale

-tested depressed patents fro their memories of events that had happened in their lives

Question 12

results of clark and teasdale?conclusion?

Answer 12

• when a persons memory was negative in the morning,their memories were more negative then than in the evening
• depressed moods cause bias in memory

Question 13

what evidence is their for negative thinking increasing the vulnerability to depression?

Answer 13

LEWINSOHN 2001

• measured negative attitudes in adolescents,none were depressed at the start of the study
• he followed them up and assessed whether they were suffering from depression and if they had experienced a unpleasant life event

Question 14

results of Lewinsohns study?

Answer 14

-those who had experienced an event,had a negative attitude and were more likely be suffering from depression

Question 15

what does cognitive behaviour therapy focus on?

Answer 15

• the problems the patient has then and there

- usually lasts between 5-20 sessions

Question 16

what are the two steps involved in cognitive behaviour therapy?

Answer 16

• identify the distorted thinking

- challenge the distorted thinking

Question 17

whats involved in identifying distorted thinking?

Answer 17

using though diaries- where the patient writes down any times they feel particularly depressed during the day ands what was happening during this time

Question 18

what two things are involved in challenging dysfunctional thinking?

Answer 18

socratic questioning - patient gets asked a series of questions to help them discover new ways of thinking
collaborative empiricism- when patients are encouraged to view their beliefs as a hypothesis to be systematically tested

Question 19

what study looked into the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy?aim?

Answer 19

APPLEBY 1997

aim-to compare the effectiveness of CBT with antidepressant medication in women suffering post natal depression

Question 20

what was Applebys method?

Answer 20

87 women who had post natal depression were randomly assigned to one of three conditions given over 12 weeks

1) anti depressants
2) cognitive behavioural therapy
3) drug placebo

Question 21

results of Applebys study?

Answer 21

CBT was just as effective in reducing symptoms as medication

Question 22

what study looked into the long term effects of CBT compared to medication?aim?

Answer 22

Holen et al 2005

aim-to investigate the long term effectiveness of CBT compared to medication

Question 23

method and results one Holens study?

Answer 23

method-104 patients who responded well to cbt or antidepressants were followed up over 12 months and rates of relapse was messaged
results- CBT has more enduring long term effectiveness compared to medication