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Biology: Biology Demystified > Chapter 4: Chemicals: The Tiniest Blocks > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Chemicals: The Tiniest Blocks Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the chemical formula of water?

A

H20

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2
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond is when electron are shared between 2 or more atoms.

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3
Q

Which side of a water molecule is negative?

A

The oxygen side, because it pulls harder on the hydrogen electrons into its orbit. Therefore, still leaving the hydrogens positive.

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4
Q

What is the chemical formula of sodium chloride?

A

NaCl

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5
Q

What is an ion?

A

An ion is an electrically charged atom that is either positive or negative.

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6
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

An ionic bond is the result of an atom transferring or taking an atom giving it a charged between two or more atoms.

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7
Q

What is a solute?

A

A solute is the things being dissolved.

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8
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A solvent is a dissolver.

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9
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solute and solvent put together.

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10
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

An electrolyte is a substance the breakdowns into ions when placed in a water solvent.

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11
Q

What are the four majors types of chemical body-builders?

A

Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids

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12
Q

What are the building blocks or proteins?

A

Amino acids.

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13
Q

What is an atom characterized if it has a nitrogen-containing amino group or atoms?

A

Amino acids.

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14
Q

What type of protein builds up the structures of plants and animals tissues?

A

Structural proteins.

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15
Q

What proteins speed up chemical reactions without being changed in the process?

A

Enzymes.

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16
Q

What are lipids?

A

Lipids are fat-like hydrocarbons that cannot dissolve in water because they contain many uncharged C-C and C-H bonds.

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17
Q

What chemical body-builder is a ‘carbon-water’ molecule?

A

Carbohydrates.

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18
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

A formula giving the number of atoms of each of the elements present in one molecule of a specific compound.

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19
Q

Give one example of a carbohydrate an its molecular formula.

A

Glucose

C6H12O6

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20
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids are chemical compounds that have nitrogen-containing bases.

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21
Q

What are the two major types of nucleic acids that are in all living organisms, one or both?

A

DNA and RNA.

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22
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

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23
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid.

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24
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

A double helix or a twisted ladder.

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25
Q

What are the sections in DNA called?

A

Genes.

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26
Q

What do the genes in DNA serve?

A

Give the codes for production of proteins such as hormones, and other chemical.

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27
Q

What is the general purpose of RNA?

A

To copy DNA.

28
Q

Define energy.

A

The ability to do work.

29
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the production and usage of energy.

30
Q

_______ energy is energy locked-up or stored and it has the potential to do work.

A

Potential.

31
Q

When potential energy is released it becomes _______ or free energy.

A

Kinetic.

32
Q

What is synthesis in cells?

A

Making new molecules.

33
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate and it is a major energy-container in living cells. It is often symbolized as: A-P~P~P.

34
Q

What is ATP constructed of?

A

ATP is three phosphate groups connected to one adenosine molecule but the last two phosphate groups symbolized by the two tildas are special high energy bonds..

35
Q

What is used to split the two high-energy phosphate bonds?

A

ATPase. ATPase is an enzyme used by many cells that splits (-ase) the energy rich phosphate bonds.

36
Q

What happens when ATP is split by the enzyme ATPase?

A

Large amounts of kinetic energy is released and used by the cell, and ATP become ADP or adenosine diphosphate which is a smaller version of ATP because it has two phosphate groups now.

37
Q

How ATP rebuilt again when it is used?

A

When a carbohydrate-rich food is eaten the individual carbohydrates in it are broken down and therefore the energy released in its breakdown is used to reattach the last phosphate group to ADP, recreating ATP.

38
Q

What is the back and forth process from ATP to ADP and vice versa called?

A

ATP-ADP cycle.

39
Q

What are the two major metabolic processes?

A

Anabolism and catabolism.

40
Q

Define anabolism.

A

Anabolism is the ‘condition of (-ism) building up (anabol)’ smaller molecules into larger ones.

41
Q

Define catabolism.

A

It is the opposite of anabolism and is the breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones.

42
Q

What are some of the results of anabolism?

A

New organelles and tissue structures

Tissue growth and repair funtions

43
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that are self-nourishing or capable of sustaining themselves without eating other organisms.

44
Q

What makes most plants autotrophs?

A

Their ability to photosynthesis which is catalyzed by chlorophyll which is stored in abundant organelles called chloroplasts.

45
Q

Is green the most effective color for photosynthesis?

A

No, though plants may look green, green is the least effective color for photosynthesis (plants and other things look the color wave they reflect), instead blue and red are most effective.

46
Q

What are the two linked sets of chemical reactions in photosynthesis?

A

Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycles).

47
Q

Which reaction or cycle actually synthesizes chemicals?

A

The Calvin cycle, which produces sugar.

48
Q

What happens to the electrons in the chlorophyll when the sunlight hits?

A

They are agitated by the sunlight absorption and along with an H+ ion from water are transferred to an electron acceptor molecule.

49
Q

What else happens at the same time the electron are agitated?

A

Water molecules are split and the oxygen molecules (O2) from the H+ ion transfer are released into the air as a waste product.

50
Q

What helps start the Calvin cycle?

A

The energy released from the electron transfer helps attach a phosphate group to ADP, creating more ATP, which some are used to kickstart the Calvin cycle (named after Melvin Calvin).

51
Q

What comes in and out the Calvin cycle?

A

CO2 and ATP.

52
Q

What happens to the CO2 and ATP at the beginning of the light-independent cycle.

A

CO2 comes in and a phosphate group is split and produces energy. This produces 3-carbon sugar molecules.

53
Q

What happen to the 3-carbon sugar molecules next?

A

They enter the cytoplasm where they are built up into glucose, fats, or amino acids.

54
Q

How many times does the cycle have to rotate to build one glucose molecule?

A

It rotates 6 times each time bringing in 1 carbon dioxide molecule. 6 CO2 molecules are released into the cytoplasm to synthesize one glucose molecule.

55
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

It is an animal that depends on living creatures that must eat organic matter to live.

56
Q

What is the consumable energy production cycle name in heterotrophs?

A

Cellular respiration.

57
Q

What is the first step in cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis.

58
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

The glucose molecule enters the cytoplasm and broken down by enzymes in the surrounding producing lots of kinetic energy for ATP production. The ATP in glycolysis is used to break down 6-carbon glucose molecules into 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.

59
Q

How many ATPs are made in glycolysis?

A

2

60
Q

What happens to glucose when it is in anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

Since there is no oxygen to continue the process, it turns immediately into lactic acid.

61
Q

What happens in respiration after glycolysis?

A

The Krebs cycle comes after glycolysis and this is where it rotates two times for the breakdown of the two pyruvic acids.

62
Q

What result from the Krebs cycle?

A

A number of CO2 and hydrogen-carrier molecules. The hydrogen-carrier molecules go to the next step.

63
Q

What is the next step after the Krebs cycle?

A

Electron transport system.

64
Q

Where is the electron transport system located in the mitochondrion?

A

It is located between the cristae which are the in crests or edges of the mitochondrion.

65
Q

What happens in electron transport system?

A

Here the there are large molecules of high-energy electrons of H atoms on the high level and going lower is lower energy each one providing energy creating 34 ATP.

66
Q

What happens to the transported yet now depleted electron?

A

They are transferred to an oxygen atom and those each bond to 2 H+ ions, creating water molecules.

Biology: Biology Demystified (6 decks)

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