Chapter 4 Cardiovascular Function Flashcards
Refers to ischemia that is initiated by increased demand and relived with the reduction of that demand.
Stable angina
The cascade of events in which plaque ulcerates, inflammation occurs, platelet aggregate, and thrombi form further diminishes the blood supply. As a result, platelets release Thromboxane A2, a potent vasoconstrictor, causing the arteries to spasm. The spasms triggers an unrelenting cycle of more platelet aggression and more spasms. Chest pain eventually becomes unpredictable, occurs at rest, or increases in frequency or intensity. This change in pain which is known as__________is considered a pre-infarction State.
Unstable angina
Refers to an inflammation of the pericardium the sac that surrounds and protects and supports the heart.
Pericarditis
This inflammation is most commonly triggered by viral infections but may also result from other infections, thoracic trauma (surgery, radiation, accidents) myocardial infarction, malignancy, tuberculosis, uremia, autoimmune conditions (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma)
Pericarditis
In this inflammatory process, fluid shifts from the capillaries to the space between the pericardial sac and the heart.
Pericarditis
Clinical manifestations of pericarditis
Pericardial friction rub
Sharp, sudden severe chest pain
Dyspnea
Tachycardia
Palpitations
Edema
Flulike symptoms
Following risk factors render patients more vulnerable to development of infective endocarditis
IV drug use or presence of an IV for an extended period of time
Valvular disorders
Prosthetic heart valves
Implanted cardiac devices
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Marfan syndrome
Immunodeficiency states
Valvular disorders may have a number of causes
Rheumatic fever
Infective endocarditis
Is death of the myocardium from a sudden blockage of coronary blood flow
Myocardial infarction
This blockage exemplifies the nursing diagnosis of ineffective tissue perfusion, may be caused by atherosclerosis, thrombus, or Vasospasm
MI myocardial infarction
The trigger for an ____ is not always known, but such events may occur after physical exertion, while sleeping or resting, during outside activity in cold weather, and with severe emotional stress.
MI myocardial infarction
Other names for an ____, include heart attack and acute coronary syndrome
MI
Cardiovascular disease including CAD, is the leading cause of death in the United States, and death usually results from cardiac damage after an ______.
MI myocardial infarction
Some people do not experience symptoms of MI, such asymptomatic MI is known as a _____?
Silent MI
Clinical manifestations of an MI
Unstable angina
Fatigue
Nausea vomiting
Coughing
SOB
Diaphoresis
Indigestion
EKG changes
Anxiety
Syncope
Dizziness
Sleep disturbance
Treatment for an MI
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitro
Aspirin
Causes for dysrhythmias
Acid base imbalances
Hypoxia
Congenital heart defects
Connective tissue disorders
Degeneration of connective tissues
Drug toxicity
Electrolyte imbalances
Stress
MI
Myocardial ischemia or infarction
All cardiac muscle cells can initiate impulses, but normally the conduction pathway originates in the
SA node
The _____ automatically generates impulses from 60 to 100 beats per minute
SA node
The intrinsic rate of impulses in the _____ is 40 to 60 bpm
AV node
The _______ can generate impulses at 20 to 40 beats per minute
Ventricles
On an EKG reading, atrial contraction is represented by depolarization in the _______, and ventricular contraction is represented by depolarization in the large ______ complex
P wave
QRS
The ______ represents Repolarization or recovery, of the ventricles
T wave
Walls of the arteries can weaken because of high pressure, plaque, and infections. These weakened areas balloon outward, a condition known as
Aneurysm
Are the most common type of aneurysm, although they can occur anywhere along the aorta, the abdominal section is the most common site.
Aortic aneurysms
The most common type of cerebral aneurysm is
Saccular
Risk factors for developing aneurysms
Congenital weakening of the arterial wall
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Diabetes
Emphysema
Tobacco
Alcoholism
Obesity
Advanced age
Trauma
Infection (syphillis and tuberculosis)
Copper deficiency
Can present with a pulsating mass, abdominal back pain, and lower extremity cyanosis
Abdominal aortic aneurysms
Refers to a thrombus in an inflamed vein, most often in legs
Vein inflammation resulting from a thrombus
Also associated with varicose veins
Raynaud disease
Thrombophlebitis
A prolonged elevation in blood pressure
Hypertension
Is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CAD, MI, heart failure, and stroke)
Hypertension
Was classified as a blood pressure reading 140/90 in adults, but the new guidelines define it as 130/80
Hypertension
In most cases 95% of adults, there is no identifiable cause. This type of hypertension is called
Primary hypertension or essential hypertension
Other cases of hypertension are caused by an underlying condition. This type of hypertension is called
Secondary hypertension
Is called the silent killer because many people do not have any symptoms
Hypertension
Describes a state in which blood pressure is greater than 180/120 in an individual who is relatively asymptomatic and there is no evidence of end organ failure
Hypertensive urgency
Describes a state in which blood pressure is greater than 180/120 in an individual who is symptomatic and/or has evidence of end organ failure
Hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension
If atherosclerosis has developed in the femoral or lower extremity arteries, leg cramps when walking _________ are usually the presenting symptom
Intermittent claudication
Also referred to as Coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease, is a narrowing or blockage of the arteries supplying the myocardium, usually caused by atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease CAD
Most common type of heart disease in the United States
CAD
Despite great advancements in treatment, cardiovascular disease including ______ remains the leading death in the United States and worldwide for men and women.
CAD
Is the leading cause of myocardial infarction
CAD
With this type of disease more than 50% of the coronary artery is occluded
Obstructive CAD
The large arteries are narrowed by plaque, but the occlusion is less than 50%
Non obstructive CAD
Clinical manifestations of CAD
Angina that radiates to other locations (jaw, neck, arm, or back)
Indigestion
Nausea/vomiting
Cool clammy extremities
Diaphoresis
Dyspnea
Fatigue
Weakness
Sleep disturbances
In __________, the myocardium becomes enlarged, thick, or rigid.
Cardiomyopathy
The _______ reflects the rapidly growing knowledge base regarding genetic mutations, acquired causes, and further conditions involved in the development of cardiomyopathies
MOGE classification
Develops when the ventricles become enlarged and weakened and the most common form of cardiomyopathy in children
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Is very common affecting 1 and 500 people in the United States.
Affects both systolic and diastolic function.
Hypertension, obstructive valvular disease, and thyroid disease increase the risk for developing this disorder
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Is a common cause of sudden cardiac death in young people, especially athletes
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
This type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by rigidity of the ventricles, but the myocardium does not thicken .
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Normal electrical conduction is referred to as ________, where as deviations from normal are referred to as ________.
Sinus rhythm
Dysrthmias or arrthymias
In ______, the fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity to the point that it compresses the heart.
Cardiac tamponade
Sudden acute cardiac tamponade presents much like cardiogenic shock, with hypertension, jugular vein distention, and muffled heart sounds a group of symptoms known as the
Beck triad
Most often this condition is caused by atherosclerosis that is located in the arteries, but it can also be caused by a thrombus, inflammation (thromboangitis obliterans) or Vasospasm (raynaud disease and raynaud phenomenon)
Peripheral vascular disease
Refers to a narrowing of the peripheral vessels
PVD
Refers to the narrowing of the peripheral vessels
Peripheral vascular disease
