Chapter 4 Cardiovascular Function Flashcards
Refers to ischemia that is initiated by increased demand and relived with the reduction of that demand.
Stable angina
The cascade of events in which plaque ulcerates, inflammation occurs, platelet aggregate, and thrombi form further diminishes the blood supply. As a result, platelets release Thromboxane A2, a potent vasoconstrictor, causing the arteries to spasm. The spasms triggers an unrelenting cycle of more platelet aggression and more spasms. Chest pain eventually becomes unpredictable, occurs at rest, or increases in frequency or intensity. This change in pain which is known as__________is considered a pre-infarction State.
Unstable angina
Refers to an inflammation of the pericardium the sac that surrounds and protects and supports the heart.
Pericarditis
This inflammation is most commonly triggered by viral infections but may also result from other infections, thoracic trauma (surgery, radiation, accidents) myocardial infarction, malignancy, tuberculosis, uremia, autoimmune conditions (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma)
Pericarditis
In this inflammatory process, fluid shifts from the capillaries to the space between the pericardial sac and the heart.
Pericarditis
Clinical manifestations of pericarditis
Pericardial friction rub
Sharp, sudden severe chest pain
Dyspnea
Tachycardia
Palpitations
Edema
Flulike symptoms
Following risk factors render patients more vulnerable to development of infective endocarditis
IV drug use or presence of an IV for an extended period of time
Valvular disorders
Prosthetic heart valves
Implanted cardiac devices
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Marfan syndrome
Immunodeficiency states
Valvular disorders may have a number of causes
Rheumatic fever
Infective endocarditis
Is death of the myocardium from a sudden blockage of coronary blood flow
Myocardial infarction
This blockage exemplifies the nursing diagnosis of ineffective tissue perfusion, may be caused by atherosclerosis, thrombus, or Vasospasm
MI myocardial infarction
The trigger for an ____ is not always known, but such events may occur after physical exertion, while sleeping or resting, during outside activity in cold weather, and with severe emotional stress.
MI myocardial infarction
Other names for an ____, include heart attack and acute coronary syndrome
MI
Cardiovascular disease including CAD, is the leading cause of death in the United States, and death usually results from cardiac damage after an ______.
MI myocardial infarction
Some people do not experience symptoms of MI, such asymptomatic MI is known as a _____?
Silent MI
Clinical manifestations of an MI
Unstable angina
Fatigue
Nausea vomiting
Coughing
SOB
Diaphoresis
Indigestion
EKG changes
Anxiety
Syncope
Dizziness
Sleep disturbance
Treatment for an MI
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitro
Aspirin
Causes for dysrhythmias
Acid base imbalances
Hypoxia
Congenital heart defects
Connective tissue disorders
Degeneration of connective tissues
Drug toxicity
Electrolyte imbalances
Stress
MI
Myocardial ischemia or infarction
All cardiac muscle cells can initiate impulses, but normally the conduction pathway originates in the
SA node
The _____ automatically generates impulses from 60 to 100 beats per minute
SA node
The intrinsic rate of impulses in the _____ is 40 to 60 bpm
AV node
The _______ can generate impulses at 20 to 40 beats per minute
Ventricles
On an EKG reading, atrial contraction is represented by depolarization in the _______, and ventricular contraction is represented by depolarization in the large ______ complex
P wave
QRS