Chapter 4: Assessment & Diagnosis Flashcards
Define standardization.
- Set up common steps to be followed whenever test/technique is administered
- Test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual’s score can be measured
Define reliability. What are the different kinds?
A measure of the consistency of test or research results
- test-retest = yields same result every time it’s given to same people
- inter-rater = judges independently agree on how to score and interepret
Define validity. What are the different kinds?
The extent to which the test or study accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure
- face validity = instrument may not be trustworthy
- predictive validity = tool’s ability to predict future characteristics/behavior
- concurrent validity = degree to which measures gathered from one tool agree with measure gathered from other tools
What is a mental status exam?
A set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client’s abnormal functioning
Describe the intake assessment criteria.
- Reasons for referral and assessment (chief complaint)
- History of current problem (stressors, symptoms, duration)
- Social history (living situation, marital status, employment)
- Family history (history of abuse)
- Legal history
- Support network (friends, church)
- Medical & psychiatric history (mental illnesses, meds)
- Substance abuse history
What are the components of the mental status exam?
- General appearance and behavior (grooming, facial expression, activity level, gait, mannerisms, attitude)
- Speech (quality, rate, content)
- Affect & mood
- Thoughts (content, delusions, hallucinations, paranoid ideation)
- Orientation (place, time self, consciousness)
- Memory (immediate, past, attention span, concentration)
- Intellectual functioning (intelligence, judgment)
- Insight (awareness of illness, motivation for treatment, knowledge of illness)
- Somatic symptoms (appetite, libido, sleep)
- Suicidality (attempts, risk)
- Homicidality (history, risk)
What is a clinical interview?
First face to face encounter during which clinician collects info about person’s problems, feelings, lifestyle, history, and devises possible treatment options
What are the main data collection methods in clinical practice?
- Clinical interview
- Behavioral observation
- External sources
- Psychological tests
- Neurological tests
What are projective personality tests? Main hypothesis?
- Subjects asked to respond to ambiguous stimuli while being unaware of the the true purpose of the test
- Subjects will project aspects of their own personality into their responses
Describe the Rorschach Inkblot Test.
- Images a viewer say in blot seemed to correspond w/ his/her psychological condition
- Do they see whole image of specific details?
- Do they focus on the ink blots or the white spaces in between?
Describe the Thematic Apperception Test.
- People shown 30 black and white pictures of individuals in vague situations and are asked to make up a story about each
- Tell what is happening, what led up to it, what the characters are feeling and thinking, what the outcome will be
- People usually identify with characters
- Common theme emerges
Describe the Sentence Completion Test.
- Good springboard for discussion
- I like… Men… My greatest fear… I regret… I can’t… My father… I secretly…
Describe the Draw-A-Person test. How is person evaluated?
- Details and shape of drawing
- Solidity of pencil line
- Location of drawing on paper
- Size of figures
- Features of figures
- Use of background
Describe the House-Tree-Person test.
- Person asked to draw a house, tree, person
- “Who lives in house?” “Why does the house look like that?”
What is a personality inventory?
A tests designed to measure broad personality characteristics consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, feelings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them (true/false questions)
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory? Components?
- Most frequently administered objective personality inventory
- 567 T/F questions
- 10 clinical scales
- Sub-scales and indicators
- Validity scales (faking good, faking bad, random responding)
What are psychophysiological tests?
-Test that measures physical responses (HR, muscle tension, body temp, BP, skin reactions) as possible indicators of psychological probs
What is neuroimaging? Examples?
Neurological tests that provide images of brain structure or activity
- CAT scan
- PET scan
- MRI
What is a CAT scan?
- Computerized axial tomography
- Xrays of the brain’s structure are taken at diff angles and combined
What is a PET scan?
- Positron emission tomography
- Computer-produced motion picture of chemical activity throughout the brain
What is an MRI?
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Procedure that uses the magnetic property of certain hydrogen atoms in the brain to create a detailed picture of the brain’s structure
What are neuropsychological tests?
Tests that detect brain impairment by measuring a person’s cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances
Describe the Bender Gestalt Test.
- Consists of 9 cards, each displaying a simple geometric design
- Patients copy down each one
- Later, patients redraw them from memory
Describe the Complex Figure Test.
- Asked to copy a complex figure
- Good for finding specific parts of the brain that are impaired
Describe the Trail Making Test.
Timed connect the numbered and alphabetized dots
Describe the Stroop Color Word Test.
Tests for inhibition probs
- Name color of each block as quickly as possible
- Name color of ink of each word, not word itself
INTELLIGENCE TEST
LOOKUP
What is the DSM-V?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
-descriptive organizing scheme of mental disorders
What are the criteria in order to qualify as a DSM V disorder?
- A minimum # of specified symptoms for each disorder have to be met
- Minimum duration of symptoms specified for each disorder
- Symptoms cause either subjective distress or dysfunction
- Symptoms are not considered normal in individual’s culture
What is the leading cause of disability in the U.S.?
Mental disorders
What is the one year prevalence of having a mental disorder?
26%
What is the lifetime prevalence of having a mental disorder?
46%
What are the most common mental disorders in the U.S.?
- Anxiety disorders
- Mood disorders
- Substance use disorders
What is windigo?
Algonquin Indians believed that a supernatural monster that ate human beings and had the power to bewitch them and turn them into cannibals
What are the symptoms of Susto? What causes it?
- Symptoms = extreme anxiety, excitability, depression, weight loss, weakness, rapid heartbeat
- Caused by contact w/ supernatural beings or w/ frightening strangers or by bad air from cemetaries
What are the symptoms of Amok? What causes it?
- Symptoms = jump around violently, yell loudly, grab weapons and attach people/objects they encounter
- Caused by stress, severe shortage of sleep, alcohol consumption, extreme heat
What is Koro? What causes it?
- Man suddenly becomes intensely fearful that his penis will withdraw into his abdomen and that he will die as a result
- Caused by an imbalance of yin and yan
What is Latah? Symptoms?
Certain circumstances trigger a fright reaction marked by repeating the words and acts of other people, uttering obscenities, and doing the opposite of what others ask
