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PSC 168 > Chapter 1: History > Flashcards

Chapter 1: History Flashcards

1
Q

Define the 4 D’s of abnormal psychology.

A
  • Deviance = behavior, thoughts, emotions that differ from a society’s norms
  • Distress = unpleasant and upsetting to the person
  • Dysfunction = interfering with the person’s ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way
  • Danger = to oneself or others
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2
Q

According to clinical theorist Jerome Frank, all forms of therapy have what 3 essential features?

A
  • Sufferer = seeks relief
  • Healer = trained, socially accepted whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer
  • Series of contacts between the healer and sufferer
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3
Q

Describe the supernatural view of abnormality in ancient times.

A
  • Human body and mind = battleground between external forces of good and evil
  • Abnormal behavior = victory by evil spirits (demon possession)
  • Cure = force demons out of victim’s body
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4
Q

What is trephining? What was it supposed to treat? What was the goal?

A
  • Stone instrument used to cut away a circular section of skull
  • Performed to treat hallucinations or melancholia
  • Opening the skull –> release evil spirits
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5
Q

What is exorcism? Purpose? Who performed them? How?

A
  • Coax evil spirits to leave or to make person’s body an uncomfortable place in which to live
  • Shaman recites prayers, plead with evil spirits, insult spirits, perform magic, make loud noises, have person drink bitter potions, torture, starvation
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6
Q

Who was Hippocrates? What did he propose about abnormal behavior?

A
  • Father of modern medicine
  • Mental illnesses arise from internal physical/biological probs
  • Imbalance of humors can bring about mental illness
  • Heredity plays important role in mental illness
  • Psychosocial factors also play a role (upbringing, environment)
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7
Q

Define humor. What are Hippocrates’ 4 humors?

A
  • Bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning
  • Choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, sanguinic
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8
Q

What is melancholia?

A

Depression, unshakable sadness supposed to be caused by the imbalance of humors

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9
Q

What is mania?

A

A state of frenzied activity supposed to be caused by the imbalance of humors

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10
Q

What is hysteria?

A

Erratic, overly emotional behavior supposed to be caused by the imbalance of humors

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11
Q

What was Hippocrates’ treatment ethic?

A

First do no harm!

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12
Q

What is mass madness? When did this occur?

A
  • Large numbers of people shared delusions and hallucinations
  • 13th century
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13
Q

What is tarantism?

A
  • St. Vitus’s Dance
  • People suddenly start to jump, dance, go into convulsions b/c are convinced they’ve been bitten and possessed by a tarantula
  • Mass madness
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14
Q

What is lycanthropy?

A
  • Belief of being possessed by wolves or other animals

- Mass madness

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15
Q

What was Bedlam?

A
  • Bethlehem Hospital in London
  • First institution specializing in the care of mentally ill –> asylum
  • Popular tourist attraction
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16
Q

When did the moral treatment movement begin in Europe?

A

18th century

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17
Q

Who was Phillipe Pinel? What did he do?

A
  • Reformed 2 large psychiatric hospitals in Paris
  • Argued that patients were sick people whose illnesses should be treated w/ sympathy and kindness
  • Removed chains, provided well lit and ventilated rooms, gave patients productive things to do
18
Q

Who was William Tuke? What did he do?

A
  • Founded York Retreat in England (rural estate where 30 mental patients lived as guests in quiet country houses)
  • Patients treated w/ rest, talk, prayer, group therapy, manual productive labor
  • Returned patients to community without use of medication
19
Q

Who was Benjamin Rush? What did he do?

A
  • Father of American Psychiatry
  • Developed human approaches to treatment
  • Hired intelligent and sensitive attendants to read, talk to patients, take them on regular walks
20
Q

Who was Dorothea Dix? What did she do?

A
  • School teacher turned social reformer
  • Fundraised enough to reform 30 mental hospitals in the U.S.
  • Reformed prisons
  • Made humane care a public and political concern in the U.S.
21
Q

What factors led to the deterioration of state hospitals?

A
  • Overcrowding
  • Poor patient care and neglect
  • Abuse
  • Not enough staff or abusive staff
22
Q

What is hydrotherapy? What does it do?

A

Patients sprayed by water, wrapped in wet packs, water boarded to stimulate them

23
Q

What is malaria therapy? What does it do?

A

LOOKUP

24
Q

What is insulin therapy?What does it do?

A
  • Makes blood sugar drop
  • Patient slips into a coma and experience episodes of convulsing, dry shock (full brain seizure)
  • Injections of glucose brought patients out of insulin-induced coma
25
Q

What is a lobotomy? What does it do?

A
  • Surgical cutting of certain nerve fibers in the brain

- Severing of the connections between the frontal lobes and lower regions of brain

26
Q

What is early electroshock therapy? What does it do?

A

Supposed to shock system into some form of sanity

27
Q

What were the reasons for closing state hospitals between 1955 and 1975?

A
  • First effective medications available starting mid 1950s –> made it possible to treat ill on outpatient basis
  • Civil rights movement –> new legislation making involuntary hospitalization more difficult
  • Financial concerns –> hospitalization very expensive & community mental health centers underfunded
28
Q

Somatogenic vs. psychogenic perspective

A
  • Somatogenic = view that abnormal psychological f functioning has physical causes
  • Psychological = view that chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological
29
Q

What is hypnotism? Who is assosiated with this technique?

A
  • Procedure that places people in a trance-like mental state in which they become extremely suggestible
  • Friedrich Anton Mesmer
30
Q

What is the technique of psychoanalysis? Who developed this?

A
  • A form of discussion in which clinicians help troubled people gain insight into their unconscious psychological processes
  • Sigmund Freud
31
Q

What are psychotropic medications? What kinds of drugs does this include?

A
  • Drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunction
  • Includes antipsychotic, antidepressant, and antianxiety drugs
32
Q

How many of the chronically homeless individuals in the inner cities are severely mentally ill?

A

At least half

33
Q

Explain criminalization of the mentally ill

A

Incarceration, mostly in county jails, due to acting differently/inappropriately, not being able to correct actions, or making mistakes (forgetting court date)

34
Q

What is emergency room boarding?

A
  • Mentally ill sit and wait to be treated
  • Hard to find hospital bed for them
  • Might get a shot of something to temporarily fix problem
  • Back on the streets
35
Q

What are norms?

A

A society’s stated and unstated rules for proper conduct

36
Q

Define culture.

A

A people’s common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, tech, and arts

37
Q

What is an asylum?

A
  • A type of institution that provides care for persons with mental disorders
  • Most became virtual prisons
38
Q

Define moral treatment.

A

19th century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment

39
Q

What are state hospitals?

A

State-run public mental institutions in the U.S.

40
Q

Define deinstitutionalization. What made it possible?

A
  • The practice of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public hospitals
  • Made possible by the discovery of medications
41
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

Study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities

42
Q

What is a managed care program?

A

A system of health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services

PSC 168 (18 decks)

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