17. Childhood Disorders Flashcards by User Unknown

What are the 2 groups of ADHD?

Inattention

- Hyperactivity-Impulsivity

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What are the symptoms and criteria for inattention ADHD?

At least 6 of the following need to be present:

Fails to pay attention to details
Difficulty sustaining attention
Not listening when spoken to
Not following instructions
Not completing tasks
Disorganized
Messy work (handwriting)
Losing things for tasks
Easily distracted
Forgetful in daily activities
may also be hyper-focused

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What are the symptoms and criteria for hyperactivity-impulsivity ADHD?

At least 6 of the following symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity need to be present:

Fidgeting w/ hands or feet
Squirming in seat
Runs/climbs about excessively
Has difficulty playing quietly
Always “on the go”
Often talks excessively
Often blurts out answers
Has difficulty awaiting turn
Interrupts or intrudes on others

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How many settings must symptoms need to occur in to be diagnosed w/ ADHD?

2 or more (home, work, school, etc.)

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What are the types of ADHD?

ADHD predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
ADHD predominantly inattentive type
ADHD combined type

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What is the prevalence of ADHD?

7-9%

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What are the gender trends of ADHD?

At least 4x more boys than girls diagnosed
Boys more likely to be hyperactive
Girls more likely to be predominanlty inattentive

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When is the onset of ADHD?

Prior to age 12

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What is the course of ADHD? What percentage are still ADHD later on in life? Untreated?

2/3 of ADHD kids are still ADHD in adolescence
50% of children diagnosed w/ ADHD are still ADHD as adults
For other 50%, brain maturation seems to have caught up
Untreated ADHD takes a big toll on personal and professional life

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What are the biological factors that contribute to ADHD?

ADHD foremost is a neurobiological disorder
Genetics
Changes in dopamine and norepinephrine systems
Dysfunction in frontal lobes and basal ganglia

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What are the psycho-social and cultural factors that contribute to ADHD?

Chaos in home; lack of structure & supervision
Crowded living conditions; sedentary activities (watching TV)
Overstimulation by hyper culture that clashes w boring class instruction
Larger classes –> less tolerance for hyperactive children
Modern society doesn’t teach children to quiet themselves down

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What kinds of medications are used to treat ADHD?

Stimulants

- Antidepressants

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How do stimulants treat ADHD?

Improve symptoms for 70% of school-aged kids w/ ADHD

- Amphetamines that increase dopamine activity

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Name stimulants used to treat ADHD.

Ritalin
Dexedrine
Adderall
Concerta

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What are the possible side effects of stimulants that treat ADHD?

Decreased appetite
Stunted growth
Insomnia
Increased heart rate
Motor tics (Tourettes in predisposed peeps)
Abuse potential w/ teens

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List the antidepressants that are used to treat ADHD.

Prozac
Wellbutrin
Strattera

What behavioral approaches are used to treat ADHD?

Token economy, immediate rewards
Consistent parenting w/ clear consequences
Structured environment
Establish routines
Modify school environment
Teach self-instructional procedures

What disorders are comorbid w/ ADHD?

Substance use disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder
Conduct disorder
Depression disorder
Anxiety disorder
OCD spectrum disorders
Learning disabilities

What is the criteria of Oppositional-Defiant Disorder?

Pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior that may include:

loses temper
defies, argues, refuses to comply w/ adults
deliberately annoys peeps
touchy, easily annoyed
angry, resentful, blaming, spiteful, vindictive
rules of peers are respected
no destruction of property

What is the criteria for conduct disorder?

Repetitive pattern of behavior that violates social norms and the basic rights of others including peers

agression, intimidation, bullying
physical or sexual cruelty to humans or animals
destroying property, fire setting
lying, cheating, stealing
truant from school (since before 13)
staying out at night (since before 13)

What is the main gender difference in childhood disorders prior to puberty?

More boys suffer from psychological disorder

What are the gender differences in childhood disorders after puberty?

Boys have more “acting out” disorders (conduct, substance abuse, ADHD)
Girls have ore depression and eating disorder

What are the symptoms of childhood depression?

Sadness, grief
Hopelessness, helplessness
Low self esteem
Acting out, angry, irritable
Somatic complaints
Anxiety

What are the contributing factors of childhood depression?

Dysfunctional family, losses, divorce, attachment probs
History of poor affective regulation
Genetic predisposition
Biochemical imbalance

What is the DSM-V definition of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A) Persistent deficits in social communication and social interactions B) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities C) Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period D) Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in important areas of life E) Symptoms not better explained by a diagnosis of intellectual disability (can be comorbid though)

What manifests the persistent deficits in social communication and interactions of Autism Spectrum Disorder? Examples of each?

- Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity (doesn't initiate convo, no back & forth flow of convos) - Deficits in non-verbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction (poor eye contact, lack of facial expression, probs understanding gestures & expressions of others) - Deficits in developing, maintaining, understanding relationships (no interest in peers, not making friends, no imaginative or imitative play)

With Autism Spectrum Disorder, restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities must have 2/4 of what? Examples?

- Stereotyped or repetitive movements, use of objects, or speech (motor tics, idiosyncratic use of language, echolalia) - Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior (rigid greeting rituals, distress w/ small changes) - Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus (attachment or preoccupation w/ unusual objects) - Hyper- or hypo-activity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment (need to touch things, indifference to pain/temp)

What are the core deficits of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

- Inability to relate to others and to take perspective (cognitively, emotionally) - Difficulty to perceive and understand the overall meaning of events

How is Asperger's Disorder defined as an autism spectrum disorder?

- Higher functioning end of spectrum - Speech is okay, but communication is impaired - usually involves a single interest that is pursued obsessively

What is Savants? Who has it?

- Some autistic individuals have savant skills | - Special memory abilities in the areas of music, calculation, or drawing (photographic memory)

What is the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders?

1 in 88 children

When is the onset of Autism Spectrum Disorders?

Evident by age 3, but usually earlier

What is the course of Autism Spectrum Disorders?

Life long disorder, but much improved by early intervention

What is the gender ratio of Autism Spectrum Disorders?

5:1 (males: females)

What are the neurobiological factors in autism?

- Genetic factors - Age of father - Cerebellum abnormalities - Amygdala and hippocampus abnormalities - Fewer connections in corpus callosum - Abnormal frontal lobe functioning - More EEG abnormalities - More pregnancy and birth complications - Excessive brain growth in first year of life (faulty neuronal trimming)

What are the treatments of autism?

- Behavioral modification - SSRIs of OCD, anxiety symptoms - Mood stabilizers and antidepressants - Meds for agitation in low dosages (mood stabilizers, antipsychotics)

What is the criteria of mental retardation? Onset?

- Below avg intellectual functioning (IQ < 70) - Poor adaptive behavior - Onset before age 18