Chapter 4 and 5 Quiz/Test Flashcards
anxiety
often produces tension, worry, and psychological reactivity
anxiety is….
frequently an anticipatory emotion- a sense of dread about an event that has not yet occurred
fear
more intense emotion experienced in response to a threatening situation.
anxiety disorder
unfounded fear or anxiety that interferes with day to day functioning and produced clinically significant distress of life impairment.
what is important to rule out for anxiety
possible medical or physical causes (EX: asthma medication, too much caffeine, hyperthyroidism)
amygdala
plays a central role in triggering a state of fear or anxiety and activates 2 neural pathways
2 amygdala pathways
HPA and slow pathway
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA)
when encountering possible threat, HPA triggers fight or flight response
after HPA is activated…..
slow pathway is activated which sends signals to the hippocampus and pre frontal cortex. The process evaluates danger and sends signals to stop the HPA response.
anxiety sensitivity
tendency to interpret physiological changes as sign of danger, lead to anxiety
what reduces anxiety
sense of control and mastery
phobia
strong, persistent, unwarranted fear of a specific object or situation
result of phobia
extreme panic of anxiety when phobia stimulus in encountered
phobia statistics
8.7% of the population effected
twice as common in women than in men
primary types of phobias
living creatures, environmental conditions, blood/injections or injury, and situational factors
social anxiety disorder or (SAD)
intense fear of being scrutinized or doing something embarrassing or humiliating in the presence of others
S.A.D (disorder chart)
-excessive fear of being watched or judged by others
-12 month prevalence of 7% to 8.7%
-effects mid teens
Specific Phobia (disorder chart)
-excessive fear of specific objects or situations
-12 month prevalence from 7% to 9%
-effects childhood or early adolescents
agoraphobia (disorder chart)
-anxiety or panic in situations where escape is difficult or embarassing
- 12 month prevalence up to 1.7%
-usually late adolescence with two thirds before age 35
panic disorder (disorder chart)
-recurrent and unexpected intense attacks of fear or terror
-12 month prevalence of 2.7%
-late adolescence and early adulthood
generalized anxiety disorder (disorder chart)
-excessive anxiety and worry over life circumstances (money, family, or school)
-12 month prevalence ranges from 1.2% to 2.9%
-median age of about 30 but wide range of age of onset
agoraphobia
intense fear of at least two of the following (know all six)
-being outside or home alone
-traveling via public transportation
-being in open spaces
-being in stores or theaters
- standing in line or being in a crowd
-situations are feared because escape of help may not be readily available
multiparty model of phobias (BPSS)
-biological (genetic predisposition or overactive amygdala)
-sociocultural (cultural child rearing patters and use of shame as a method of control)
-psychological (conditioning experiences and cognitive distortions)
-social (parental modeling and peer victimization)
Medical treatments for phobias (3)
benzodiazepines, SSRIs, and Beta-Blockers
exposure therapy
gradual introduction to feared situation
systematic desensitization
exposure techniques with relaxation
cognitive restructuring
identifying and changing irrational thoughts
panic disorder
recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. apprehension about having another attack
panic disorder reactions must be present for
one month or more
symptoms of panic disorder
-shortness of breath
-dizzyness
-rapid heart rate
-trembling/shaking
prevalence rate of panic disorder
2.7%
treatments for panic disorders (4)
-benzodiazepines
-antidepressants
-beta-blockers
-CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
-persistent, high levels of anxiety and excessive, hard to control worry over life cirucumstances.
-symptoms must be present for many days during 6 months
-often begins in childhood or adolescence
GAD usually spends how much time worrying
6 hours a day
Treatments for GAD (3)
-benzodiazepines
-antidepressants
-cognitive behavioral therapy
OCD
consistent, anxiety-producing thoughts or imagesh
hoarding (OCD)
inability to discard items regardless of their value
body dysmorphia (OCD)
preoccupation with a perceived physical defect
hair pulling disorder (OCD)
recurrent and frequent hair pulling despite repeated attempts to stop
skin picking (OCD)
results in skin lesions
stressors
external events or situations that place physical or psychological demands on a person
stress
internal psychological or physiological response to a stressor
symptoms or stress reported by adults
-anger
-fatigue
-feeling nervous or anxious
-headache
-depression
-muscle tension
adjutsment disorders
occurs when someone has difficulty coping or adjusting to a specific stressor. The reactions to the stressor are disproportionate to the severity or intensity of the event of situation.
DSM-5 criteria for A.D
exposure to an identifiable stressor that results in the onset of significant emotional or behavioral symptoms that occur within 3 months.
symptoms for Adjustment Disorder are
out of proportion to the severity of the stressor and result in significant impairment in social, academic or work-related functioning
symptoms for Adjustment disorder persist no longer than
6 months
acute stress disorder
a condition characterized by flashbacks, hyper vigilance, and avoidance symptoms that last up to 1 month after exposure to a traumatic stressor
PTSD
a condition characterized by flashbacks, hyper-vigilance, avoidance, and other symptoms that last for more than 1 month and that occur as a result of exposure to extreme trauma.
diagnosis of ASD or PTSD requires
direct or indirect exposure to a traumatic event such as actual or threatened death, serious injury, sexual violence, as well as symptoms from major clusters
intrusion symptoms (major cluster or symptoms)
intrusive thoughts, including distressing recollections, nightmares, or flashbacks of the trauma
avoidance (major cluster or symptoms)
avoidance of thoughts, feelings, or physical reminders associated with trauma, as well as places, events, or objects that trigger memories.
negative alterations in mood (major cluster or symptoms)
difficulty remembering details of the event, persistent negative views about oneself, distorted cognitions leading to self-blame
changes in reactivity (major cluster or symptoms)
feelings or irritability that may result in verbal or physically aggression
ASD diagnosis requires
presence of at least 9 symptoms from any cluster to be present. symptoms must persist for at least 3 days but no longer than 1 month
PTSD diagnosis requires
present of at least one symptom from each cluster. symptoms must be present for at least 1 month.
treatment for trauma (3)
-prolonged exposure therapy
-cognitive behavioral therapy
-eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
prolonged exposure therapy
involves exposure to trauma related cues
cognitive behavioral therapy
involves identifying and challenging dysfunctional cognitions
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
involves visualizing traumatic experience while following a therapists fingers moving side to side and replacing negative cues with positive ones
coronary heart disease
results in complete or partial blockage of the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart
normal BP
systolic lower than 120
diastolic lower the 80
hypertension BP
systolic above 140
diastolic at or above 90
pre-hypertension
blood pressure levels are higher than normal but not meeting hypertension levels.
migraine
-constriction of cranial arteries
-pressure on nearby nerves produces pain
-often accompanied by nausea and vomitingq
tension headache
stress creates a prolonged contraction of scalp and neck muscles
-results in vascular constriction and steady pain
cluster headache
-excruciating stabbing or burning sensations located in the eye or cheek
-pain so severe that 55% report of suicidal thoughyts
-attacks have rapid onset
-15 mins to 3 hours
-end abruptly
-headaches preceded by aura in about 20% of cases.
