Chapter 3 Quiz Flashcards
scientific method
form of systematic data collection, controlled observation, and testing hypotheses
hypothesis
tentative explanation for certain facts or observations- an educated guess
theory
group of principals and hypotheses that together explain some aspect of a particular area
replication
repeating results under the same or similar test conditions
how is a study “reliable”
when the result from one study is found to be consistent with another, it is more likely to represent a relabel claim to new knowledge
case studies are ______ of one individual
intensive studies
what do case studies do
-they rely on clinical data, (observations, medical and psychological tests and historical information).
-provide detailed information regarding the development of one individual
downside of case studies
lack objectivity and control
statistical analysis
determines the correlation between variables (looks at data from a group)
correlational studies are important because they
allow for the analysis of variables that cannot be controlled: age, annual income, etc.
positive correlation
is an increase in one variable accompanied by an increase in another
(example: 5 yr olds association with soft-drinks leads to increase in aggression)
negative correlation
increase in one variable accompanied by a decrease in another
the best tool for testing ___________ relationships _______________ is a prediction concerning how an independent variable will affect a dependent variable
cause and effect / experimental hypothesis
dependent
expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable
independent
manipulated to determine its effect on a dependent variable
experimental group
group that exposed to the independent variable
control group
group that’s not exposed top the independent variable
placebo effect
improvement produced by expectations of a positive treatment outcome
placebo
inactive substance
single-blind design
participants unaware of the purpose of the research
double-blind design
participants and individual working directly with the participant unaware of the experimental conditions
analog study
investigation that attempts to stimulate real-life situations under controlled conditions
field study
observing and recording behaviors in their natural environment.
What is it important Not to do in a field study
Important NOT to disturb the natural environment
