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A level Chemistry > Chapter 4 - Acids and REDOX > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Acids and REDOX Flashcards

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1
Q

all acids contain what?

A

hydrogen in their formulae

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2
Q

when dissolved in water, acids release ?

A

hydrogen ions as protons - H (^+)

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3
Q

strong acid def

A

releases all hydrogen atoms into solution as H plus ions and COMPLETELY DISSOCIATES in aqueous solutuion

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4
Q

weak acid def?

A

only releases a small proportion of its available H atoms into solution as H plus ions. PARTIALLY DISSOCIATES in aqueous sol

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5
Q

weak acid have ?

A

a forwards/ backwards arrow (equilibrium sign) which indicates that the forwards reaction is incomplete

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6
Q

most organic acids, like ethanoic acid are ____ acids

A

weak

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7
Q

a base…

A

neutralises an acid to form a salt

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8
Q

what is an alkali?

A

a base that dissolves in water realising hydroxide ions into the solution

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9
Q

how do strong acids containing more than one H atom behave?

A

strong acid for only one H atom

next H acts as weak acid

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10
Q

What is a titration?

A

a technique used to accurately measure the volume of one solution that reacts exactly with another solution

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11
Q

what can titrations be used for?

A
  • finding the conc of a solution
  • identification of unknown chemicals
  • finding the purity of a substance
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12
Q

burette readings always have ___ decimal places

A

2 - with the last place being either 0 or 5

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13
Q

concordant results

A

are within 0.1cm (^3) of each other

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14
Q

acids are?

A

proton donors bc they donate H(+) ions to bases

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15
Q

ammonia is a ?

A

weak base and forms a weakly alkaline solution when dissolved in water

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16
Q

strength of acids - what is strength?

A

a measure of dissociation

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17
Q

a strong acid easily gives up ?

A

protons, but a weak acid does not easily give up protons

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18
Q

strong base definition

A

is fully ionic.

100% splits up into metal ions and hydroxide ions in solution

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19
Q

weak base definition

A

doesn’t convert fully into hydroxide ions in solution

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20
Q

in neutralisation, the h(+) ion is replaced by?

A

a metal ion or any other + ion

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21
Q

interesting cases - acidic salts?

A
  • formed from polyprotic acids

e. g. salts of sulphuric acid

22
Q

what is a polyprotic acid?

A
  • an acid that dissociates more than once - it donates more than 1 proton
23
Q

interesting cases - ammonium salts?

A
  • formed when acids are neutralised by aqueous ammonia

- salts formed contain the NH four (+) ion

24
Q

Explain how OH minus acts as a base?

A

the Oh minus ion accepts a proton

25
Q

explain why Kcl can be referred to as a salt?

A

the H plus ion in Hcl has been replaced by a metal ion

26
Q

Common acids and their uses?

A

Hcl - stomach acid
Sulphuric acid - car batteries
Nitric acid - fertiliser

27
Q

Bases are _____, _______, ________

A

Oxides, hydroxides and carbonates of metals

28
Q

When converting into ionic equations,

A

Discount unchanged ions as tgesd re spectator ions

29
Q

2 H[^+] + 2 OH [^-]

A

-> 2H (two) 0

30
Q

Solute definition

A

The solid that is being dissolved

31
Q

Solvent definition

A

The liquid that the solute is dissolved in

32
Q

Solution definition

A

A mixture of the solute and solvent

33
Q

How many sig figures?

A

Usually 3sf but look at data and use smallest amount as if bigger no. Of sig figs, you’re saying your data is more accurate

34
Q

Scaling equation?

A

Moles × (volume scaling to / volume we have)

35
Q

oxidation can occur both in terms of ____ and ______

A

oxxygen, electrons

36
Q

oxidation (oxygen)?

A

gain of oxygen

37
Q

reduction (oxygen)?

A

loss of oxygen

38
Q

oxidation (electrons)?

A

loss of electrons

39
Q

reduction (electons)?

A

gain of electron s

OIL RIG

40
Q

roman numerals are used to?

A

represent the oxidation state pf an element

espec. important when element has more than 1 possible oxidation no.

41
Q

what can have more than one possible oxidation number?

A
  • Transition elements
  • Oxyanions - end in ATE, composed of an element and oxygen
  • e.g. nitrate
42
Q

what is a redox reaction?

A

a reaction where both oxidation and reduction are occurring in the same reaction

43
Q

oxidation is an _____ in oxidation number

A

increase

44
Q

reduction is a _____ in oxidation number

A

decrease

45
Q

disproportionation reduction?

A

reactions where the same elements are both oxidised and reduced

46
Q

oxidation rules - elements?

A

oxdiation state of element = 0

47
Q

oxidation rules - monatomic ions?

A

have lost or gained electrons

48
Q

oxidation rules - hydrogen?

A

is +1 except in hydrides

49
Q

oxidation rules- bonds in a molecule between the same element?

A

IGNORE

50
Q

oxidation rules - oxygen?

A

-2 except in peroxides (a compound containing two oxygen atoms bonded together in its molecule or as the anion O22−) and if bonded to fluorine

51
Q

oxidation rules - which atom is negative?

A

the most electronegative (closest to fluorine)

52
Q

the sum of all ON =?

A

0

A level Chemistry (39 decks)

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