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A level Chemistry > Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a homologous series?

A
  • members of a homologous series are similar:
  • same functional group
  • differ from successive members by a unit of CH2
  • have similar chem & physical properties - properties show a gradation
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2
Q

how do we name organic compounds?

A

using the IUPAC Nomenclature

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3
Q

name can be split into:?

A
  • prefix
  • stem
  • suffix
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4
Q

prefix?

A
  • 1st part of name

- indicates other groups apart from the main functional group

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5
Q

stem is derived from?

A

longest C chain - MUST BE LONGEST

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6
Q

how is the position shown?

A

Number AND hyphens

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7
Q

where are functional groups included in the name of the mol?

A
  • can be contained in diff parts of the mol:
    - Suffix - if most imp FG
    - Prefix - if they are an additional FG
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8
Q

Alcohol FG?

A
  • OH
  • Prefix: Hydroxy-
  • Suffix: ol
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9
Q

Aldehyde FG?

A
  • c double bonded to O and single bonded to H

- suffix: al

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10
Q

alkanes FG?

A

C-C

end in -ane

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11
Q

what are alkyl groups?

A
  • resemble alkanes - e.g. Methyl, ethyl
  • have 1 fewer H atom than alkanes giving them the GF: CnH2n+1
  • letter R usually but not always represents Alkyl group
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12
Q

Alkene GF?

A
  • C=C

- suffix: -ene

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13
Q

carboxylic acid FG?

A
  • C double bond O, single bond OH

suffix: -oic acid

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14
Q

haloalkanes prefixes?

A
  • F - Fluoro-
  • Cl - Chloro-
  • Br- Bromo-
  • I - iodo-
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15
Q

ketone FG?

A
  • 3 C’s with middle one double bonded to O

- suffix: -one

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16
Q

displayed formula REMEMBER TO?

A

Show all atoms and bonds - EVEN BETWEEN O-H

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17
Q

to get empirical formula?

A

divide molecular formula by largest number that goes into both

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18
Q

2 types of isomer?

A
  • structural

- stereoisomers

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19
Q

the 3 types of chain isomerism?

A
  • chain isomerism
  • position isomerism
  • functional group isomerism
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20
Q

what is chain isomerism?

A

molecules with a diff carbon chains

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21
Q

what is position isomerism?

A

molecules with the same functional group that is attached in diff positions

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22
Q

what is functional group isomerism?

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different functional groups

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23
Q

What is the stem when there is 1 carbon?

A

Meth

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24
Q

what is the stem when there are 2 carbons?

A

eth

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25
Q

what is the stem when there are 3 carbons?

A

prop

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26
Q

what is the stem when there are 4 carbons?

A

but

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27
Q

what is the stem when there are 5 carbons?

A

pent

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28
Q

what is the stem when there are 6 carbons?

A

hex

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29
Q

what is the stem when there are 7 carbons?

A

hept

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30
Q

what is the stem when there are 8 carbons?

A

oct

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31
Q

what is the stem when there are 9 carbons?

A

non

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32
Q

what is the stem when there are

10 carbons?

A

dec

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33
Q

Definition: empirical formula?

A

A formula that shows the simplest whole number rate of atoms of each element present in a compound

34
Q

Definition: molecular formula?

A

A formula that shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

35
Q

Definition: displayed formula?

A

A formula that shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.
⭐every single bond must be shown

36
Q

Definition: structural formula?

A

a formula showing the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH3

37
Q

Definition: skeletal formula?

A

a simplified organic formula, w H atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a C skeleton and associated functional groups.

38
Q

Definition: general formula ?

A

the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series. For example, the general formula of alkanes is CNH2N+2

39
Q

Definition: 3-D formula?

A

a formula that shows the atoms arranged in 3 dimensions (TOPIC 6!)

40
Q

Definition: saturated hydrocarbon?

A

a hydrocarbon w single bonds only

- SATURATED, SINGLE BONDS, SS

41
Q

Homologous series definition?

A

a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
- they have the same chemical properties so react similarly

42
Q

isomers have the same ? but different ?

A

isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

43
Q

complete combustion equation?

A

C6H14 + 91/2 O2 -> 6CO2 +H20

Carbon dioxide and water produced

44
Q

why are some hydrocarbons responsible for incomplete combustion?

A
  • a lot of O2 would be required for it to burn completely

- limited supply in O2 in a car engine -> incomplete combustion

45
Q

WATCH OUT FOR?

A

MOLECULES GOING AROUND CORNERS - NEEDS TO BE THE LONGEST C CHAIN

46
Q

brackets on the end of a structural formula are usually a ?

A

branch

47
Q

what happens when you add an alkane or alkene to bromine?

A

2 layers form cos they don’t mix w water

48
Q

what happens when an alkane is added to Br water?

A
  • the Br is in the upper orange layer bc they are both covalent so Br dissolves cyclohexane. Very slowly, the Br upper layer decolorises, light makes this happen faster
49
Q

what happens when an alkene is added to Br water?

A

bromine water DECOLOURISES immediately - orange ➡ colourless

this is a test for C=C

50
Q

Burning Cyclohexane vs burning cyclohexene?

A

when cyclohexene burns, there’s a lot of black smoke which is unburnt C particles. Cyclohexane, burns cleanly- no black smoke, alkanes burn cleanly

51
Q

why are alkanes so unreactive?

A
  • there is only a small difference in electronegativoty between C&H meaning
52
Q

RULES FOR NAMING branched alkanes

A
  • identify longest C chain and count it - can go around corner!!!!
  • count it
  • name the any branches using -yl ending (alkyl gr)
  • add the number the branch is coming of onto the branch using a -
  • number-branchstem
53
Q

isomers?

A

add methyl groups, rarely use ethyl ones

54
Q

naming: count from which side?

A

the side that gives the lowest numbers

55
Q

naming: use what to indicate the number of groups?

A

di, tri, tetra

56
Q

naming: to say the position of multiple groups, use what?

A

a comma to separate the numbers

57
Q

naming: if there are 2 or more substituent groups place the names in?

A

alphabetical order

58
Q

naming: if there are 2 or more substituent groups, use?

A

dashes for numbers and between the grs - e.g. 4-ethyl-6-methylnonane

59
Q

summary of naming steps?

A

1) how long is the C chain
2) if only C&H, are there double bonds (-ene) or triple bonds (-yne)
3) other groups? - add appropriate ending
4) if the parent functional gr is on C1, leave no. off

60
Q

naming: placement of numbers?

A

the no for the groups goes IN the name, number for branch goes b4

61
Q

naming: the most weighted FG is?

A

The carboxylic acid

62
Q

what is a functional group?

A

the part of a molecule that is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties

63
Q

hydrocarbons can be classified as?

A

aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic

64
Q

aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

some or all of the C atoms are found in a benzene ring

65
Q

alkynes?

A

contain at least one triple C to C bond

66
Q

when there are 2 or more possible chains of the same length in a molecule?

A

the chain with the most branches is considered the longest chain

67
Q

alcohol: pre and suffix?

A

prefix: hydroxy-
suffix: -ol

68
Q

haloalkane prefix?

A
  • chloro-
  • bromo-
  • iodo-
69
Q

ester suffix?

A

-oate

70
Q

acyl chloride FG, suffix?

A
  • COCl

- -oyl chloride

71
Q

amine functional group?

A

-NH2

72
Q

amine pre, suffix?

A

pre: amino-
suff: -amine

73
Q

nitrile FG?

A

-CN

74
Q

Nitrile suffix?

A

-nitrile

75
Q

-s of molecular formula?

A
  • does not show how atoms are joined together

- diff molecules can have the same molecular formula

76
Q

what must be included in the skeletal formula?

A
  • functional groups
77
Q

aldehydes are ketones w the same no. of Cs have the ?

A

same molecular formula, diff FGs

78
Q

homolytic fission?

A
  • each of the bonded atoms takes 1 of the e-s from the shared pair
  • each atom now has an unpaired e-
  • forms a radical
79
Q

heterolytic fission?

A
  • one of the bonded atoms takes both of the e-s from the bond
  • the atom that takes both e-s becomes a - ion
  • the atom that doesn’t take the e-s becomes a + ion
80
Q

types of reaction?

A

addition, substitution, elimination

81
Q

what happens in substitution?

A

an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a diff atom or gr of atoms (swap)

82
Q

what happens in elimination?

A

involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one. in an elimination reaction, one reactant molecule forms 2 products

A level Chemistry (39 decks)

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