chapter 4 Flashcards
define behavioral genetics
a field of study which investigates how behavioral traits and disorders are influenced by heredity and env
define chromosomes
rod shaped bodies that carry the genes containing hereidiatary charac, each cell has 46 chromosomes in the nucleus (except germ cells)
define congenital
a condition present at the time of birth
define DNA
acronym; deoxyribonucleic acid. The substance that contains the hereditary makeup fo each cell
define genes
unit carries hereditary trait
define genetics
carried by the genes; pertaining to the genes, internal genetic blueprint for inhereted traits
define genotype
specific hereditary make up of a person
define hereditary
traits inherited from the parents
define heredity
the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
define human genome project
scientific research project bw 1990-2003 that identified all the genes in human DNA
define phenotype
an organisms physical type; a set of char that est physical appearance; observable outward manifestation of inherited traits
define rapport
a relationship in which there is mutual acceptance, understanding and respect
How are people alike?
- all have needs (water, shelter, o2, sleep), 2.. Psych needs (acceptance, belonging, love, self esteem, opportunities
define dominant traits
traits which are expressed even if inhereted by one parent
what is a recessive trait?
trait manifested if matched with recessie gene from EACH parent
define sex-linked traits
traits which are inhereted thru X or Y or mom or dad (color blindness is only in males but inherited from mothers bc on X chrom
What are the basics of human behavior?
- obtain or 2. avoid Behavior is influenced by culture, env. Heredity
What are the 3 major forces to create an ind?
- heredity, 2. developmental process, 3. physical and social environment
Explain Heredity
each person unique, from conception, one and only combo affects ind for life
Physiology of Heredity
- 46 chromosomes, 2. from conception, 23 matched pairs - one from each parent
Sex linked chromosomes
x is female, y is male
Genes
molecules of DNA,
DNA
4 chemicals 1. adenine, 2 thymine, c. guanine, d. cytosine, strands wrapped around (double helix) in every cell in form of genes, sequence est traits
what are the genetic bases for individuality?
characteristics can be due to 1. one specific gene, 2. sequential arangement of molecules on each gene, 3. particular pair of genes, 4. group of genes interacting with each other, 5 influence of environment on genes.
What is an expressed trait
individual manifests the trait
What are unexpressed traits
ind is predisposed to trait under certain situations, carrier, can be passed to children who may manifest the trait
What is a genetic disorder
disorder resulting from ind genetic makeup, can be present from birth as Developmental disorder, or appear later as health problem
What is a single-gene disorder?
absence or alteration of one gene specific to that trait, test avail for many, Cystic Fibrosis, hemophilia, R/G color blindeness
What is a multifactoral disorder?
dis. Involves variations of several genes. Harder to dtect bc more complex than single gene
What are chromosomal disorders?
have different number ie down syndrome 3 instead of 2
what is gene therapy
consists of modifying specific gene in order to treat or prevent a specific disease
What does genetic testing do?
- identify disorder, 2. confirm dx, 3. identify carriers, r. identify those at risk of dev disease but do not have it currently
Human Genome Project
completed in 2003, map the sequencing of genes on chromosomes
What is a Human Genome?
map, pattern, of chromosomal and gene arrangements, the basis for genetics in humans
issues with genetic testing
1.testing has surpassed therapies, 2. privacy rights, rights of pts to participate in health related decisions 3. expensive 4. risks with testing (ins coverage loss)
Where else is genetic testing used?
- paternity, 2. crimes
Behavioral genetics
understand beh thru heredity and biological influences. Seems some beh are hereditary and some are env.
Rate of Development
hereditary factor, how quickly a child develops “big/small for age”
Prenatal influences on the developmental process
prenatal env due to mom health, nutrition, pathogenic orgs, and substances in blood (alchohol, tobacco, drugs) FAS, folic acid and Spina Bifida, EMOTION/STRESS, abuse during preg. Neg impact. Positive experiences have pos impact
Environmental influences on developmental process
- physical env. - play outside, experiences, clubs/orgs, sports, incidental learning building, digging, time with family,
Safety
primary concern on growth
social environment
trust/distrust b. worth, c. nurture/neglect, d. structure/chaos, e. comfort/suffering
Culture and Socioeconomic level
culture: belief, ideas, values,customs, child learn from adults arouond them
Home and development
responsive to needs, health practices, type of parenting style, anxious parents
Types of abuse
physical (beatings, sex) verbal (put down, guilt), emotional, actions (dark rooms) heavy burdn on child
School years
ready for school, differences in how kids respond to early school
Influence
as children they cannot choose heredity, home env, devl influences, but can mature and direct choices as adults
What is prejudice
negative feelings toward people from other race, or subcultures. Adults can change early learnings and choose beliefs
Value system
degree of importance attached to various beliefs, ideas or material things, incl honesty, truthfulness, achievement, love friendship, material possessions, religion, work, family
Standards of behavior
own personal rules and regulations
Adult responsibilities for behavior
- recog neg behavior take control, positive beh, sound decisions, ineffecive beh get in wa of goals
Health care and behavior
understanding behav and people helps est rapport,
What happens when a pt is difficult
try to understand the reasons why, may be needs not being met, pleasant pts may be covering up
