Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is stopping distance
Stopping distance = reaction distance + breaking distance
What affects the reaction distance?
- Reaction time
- speed:
2 times the speed=reaction distance is 2 times longer
4 times the speed=reaction distance is 4 times longer
How to calculate your reaction distance?
Delete the 0 from your speed and then multiply by 3
Ex. 50km/h: 5x3=15 meters
70 km/h: 7x3=21 meters
30: 9
50: 15
60: 18
70: 21
90: 27
110: 33
What affects the breaking distance?
- road conditions
- tire traction
- the brakes. ABS breaks shorten the distance on most surfaces
- weight: the more the car weighs the longer the distance
- slope
- Speed
How to calculate the breaking distance?
2 times the speed = 4 times the breaking distance
3 times the speed = 9 times the breaking distance
Delete the 0 from the speed. Multiply the number by itself (square) and then multiply by 0,4
Ex: 30 km/h: 3x3x0,4= 3.6 metres 50km/h: 10 60: 14.4 70: 19.6 90: 32.4 110: 48.4
How to calculate your stopping distance?
Reaction distance + braking distance = stopping distance
Ex 50km/h: RD (5x3) + BD (5x5x0,4) = 15+10 = 25 meters
30: 12,6
50: 25
60: 32.4
70: 40.6
90: 59.4
110: 81.4
How to convert from km/h to m/s?
Estimation because it is hard to calculate without a calculator
Delete the zero from your km/h and multiply by 3.
Ex.: 30km/h: 3x3=9 m/s
What car characteristics can influence the driving?
- front-wheel vs. rear-wheel vs. four-wheel drive
- Tires: condition, pressure, placing
- Brakes
- weight and placing of the load
- Shock absorber’s condition
What is front-wheel drive?
engine powers the front wheels. They are more understeered, which is better because it is easier to control.
The case of most cars now
If you accelerate too much on a slippery road the front wheels can spin and lose traction.
What is rear-wheel drive
Engine powers the rear wheels. More oversteer.
If you accelerate too much on a slippery road the back wheels will lose traction and the car can go in a rear-wheel skid.
What is four-wheel drive
The engine powers all 4 wheels. Can drive more easily on mud, snow and ice.
If you accelarate too much on a slippery road all four wheels car skid.
What is oversteering?
The car turns more at bends. Happens when the rear tires have worse traction than the front tires.
What is understeeting?
The car turns less at bends. Happens when the front tires have worse traction than the rear tires.
What is the tread depth on summer tires?
8-9 mm
What is the minimum permitted tread depth on summer tires to prevent aquaplaning?
1.6 mm
Why do summer tires lose traction in the winter?
The rubber they are made from becomes harder in colder temperatures.
What is the M+S which marks winter tires?
Mud and snow
What is the winter tires act?
Winter tires must be used between december 1st and march 31. The tread depth must be at least 3 mm.
Disadvantage of studded tires?
worse traction and longer breaking distance on dry asphalt roads
Wears down the roads
Advantage of studded tires?
Better traction on ice and hard-packed snow
Advantage of friciton tires?
good traction on snow.
Do not wear down the roads
Disavantage of friction tires?
not good on ice
Regulations for studded tires
- ban at certain times and within certain areas.
- Prohibited between April 16 and September 30 (unless winter road conditions)
- All 4 wheels must be studded.
- If you are using a trailer, the trailer mus have studded tires as well.
How fast can you drive a temporary spare wheel?
no faster than 80 km/h and no further than 8km.
How can you make the tires last longer?
- Air pressure. Since 2014 all cars must have a TPMS (tire pressure monitoring system) in the car.
- Wheel alignement: if the car pulls to one side when drivign stright, the edges of the front tires will wear down more quickly.
- Balancing: incorrectly balanced front wheels cans lead to a steering wheel shake.
- Avoid strong breaking and acceleration
- Take it easy on bends
What is important to consider when changing the tires?
- If you do not change all your tires, you must at least change all the front or all the back tires. Tires on the same axle ust have the same tread depth.
- The rear wheels must have the best traction.
- You should retighten the bolts after having driven between 50 and 100 km with new tires.
What is the function of the dual circuit breaking system?
If there is a leak or if one of the breaking system is not working, there will still be a breaking effect on two or tree of the wheels.
What wheels does the parking break stop?
rear
How to avoid the parking break to freeze in place in cold weather?
park on level ground, set the car in gear.
What is a brake servo system?
With the help of the engine, the system strenghtens the brake power from the pedal to the wheels.
To test, press the break a couple of times and keep it held down as your start the engine. The pedal will sink down lightly if the servo is working.
What are ABS brakes?
Anti-lock Braking System
The brake pedal will pulsate when braking strongly.
What are the advantages of ABS breaks?
- You can control the car even when breaking strongly
- Reduced risk of skidding
- Breaking distance is shorter in most road conditions
Children and seat belts
-Children taller than 135 cm can use ordinary belt
What are the exceptions to not use a special safety device for children under 135 cm?
- Children who are 3 or older, but shorter than 135 cm can use a normal seat belt in the back seat for temporary travel over short distances.
- Children under 3 can travel for short distances in a taxi if they sit in the back.
Who’s repsonsible to make sure that children under 15 have a seat belt?
driver
What are the types of children seats?
Should not be used if the child’s crown is level with the upper edge of the seat.
They should not be used where there is an airbag.
-Baby car seat: until around 9 months. They are rear-facing.
-Rear-facing child safety seats: From 9 months to 4 years.
-Booster seat or booster cushion: for children aroun 4 years old, until they are 135 cm.
What is the liquid in the engine cooling system?
50% glycol, 50% water. Glycol prevents freezing.
What can cause high liquid temperatures in the engine?
- leak in the cooling system
- water pump or fan may have stopped
- Ice plug in the cooling system
What can go wrong in the fuel system that increases fuel consumption?
air filter is clogged, and the enginge will need to work harder to draw air in (combustion needs to combine fuel and air)
What does a catalytic converter do?
clean exhaust fumes from hazardous substances by 80-95%.
What fume can poison you?
Carbon monoxid. Odorless and colorless.
What are the symptoms of carbon monoxid poisoning?
headache, nausea
What does the alternator do?
Generates electricity which is then stored in the battery. Powered by the engine, with help from the alternator belt.
What can cause the battery charging poorly (charging lamp on the dashboard)
- Alternator belt is poorly tensioned, as it may slip
- Alternator belt is worn, or comes off
- Defective alternator
Why is it important that the battery is charged in the winter?
A poorly charged battery can be at risk of freezing.
How to connect jumper cables to jump start a car?
- Connect the positive terminals together using a jumper cable
- Connect the negative terminal on the assisting battery to a metal surface on the car being jump started.
- Start the engine on the assisting car
- Start the engine on the car being jump started.
When can’t you use the main beam headlight?
- adequate lighting
- approaching oncoming traffic (includes trams, trains, ships). But you can continue for pedestrians.
- When driving behind another vehicle
Which lights can be combined with dipped headlights?
Not permitted:
- Fog lights
- Daytime running lights
- Auxiliary high beam
Permitted:
-Parking lights
Daytime running lights
Driving during the day in good visibility conditions.
May not be combined with fog lights
Auxiliary high beam lights
Additional light mounted to the car.
- spolights
- cornering lights
Fog lights
instead of dipped headlights during the day, or in the night with poor visibility
Parking lights
When stationary in the dark
Tail lights
Two red lights in the back
Rear fog lights
Strengthens lighting at the rear in poor visibility conditions.
Can cause dazzling, so it should be off when driver behind you has spotted you.
When should you use the hazard lights?
emergency situation
What is the maximum width of the car
Including load, 260 cm
How much can load protude from the car on the sides?
Max 20 cm on each side.
How much can load protude from the car on the sides?
Max 20 cm on each side.
Maximum car lenght?
24 meters, which applies with trailer attached.
Load in front and back of the car requirements
All loads that protude in front must be marked. If more than a meter, need red and yellow flags.
All loads that protude more than one meter at rear must be marked.
In the dark, load must be marked with red lights and reflectors at the rear, and white lights and white reflectors at the front.
What is the kerb weight?
Car’s weight (unloaded) + driver
What is the maximum load?
How much load can be in the car.
Total weight - kerb weight = maximum load
How often should the cars be inspected?
first time after 3 years, then 2 years, ad then every 14 months.
Registration what are the 2 parts?
Part 1, blue: general vehicule info, and of the owner
Part 2, yellow: information about owner and previous owners. It is used when the car changes ownership or when it is deregistered.
When should tansport agency be informed after changing ownership
Both the old and new owner need to submit notification within 10 days
What is laying up a vehicule?
When it is not driven, to avoid paying taxes or insurance
How much fuel is left in the tank when the fuel warning light comes on?
6-10 L
