Chapter 4

Question 1

primary appraisal

Answer 1

an individual’s assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative or neutral

Question 2

secondary appraisal

Answer 2

a person’s answer to the question, “Can I handle it?,” an assessment of whether the coping abilities and resources on hand are adequate

Question 3

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Answer 3

the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors

Question 4

psychosomatic disorders

Answer 4

medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotions, and physical difficulties

Question 5

defensive coping

Answer 5

unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation

Question 6

hardiness

Answer 6

a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress related illness

Question 7

nonorganic failure to thrive

Answer 7

a disorder in which infants stop growing due to lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting

Question 8

obesity

Answer 8

weight greater than 20% above average for a given age and height

Question 9

anorexia nervosa

Answer 9

a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance, which may become skeletal, are out of ordinary

Question 10

bulimia

Answer 10

an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives

Question 11

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 11

a disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep

Question 12

addictive drugs

Answer 12

drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them

Question 13

alcoholics

Answer 13

persons with alcohol problems who have learned to depend of alcohol and are unable to control their drinking

Question 14

sexually transmitted infection (STI)

Answer 14

a disease that is spread through sexual contact

Question 15

osteoporosis

Answer 15

a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet

Question 16

Type A behavior pattern

Answer 16

behavior characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility

Question 17

Type B behavior pattern

Answer 17

behavior characterized by non competitiveness, patience, and lack of aggression

Question 18

dementia

Answer 18

the most common mental disorder of the elderly, covering several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning

Question 19

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 19

a progressive brain disorder that produces memory loss and confusion

Question 20

female climacteric

Answer 20

the period that marks the transition from being able to bear children to being unable to do so

Question 21

menopause

Answer 21

the cessation of menstruation

Question 22

male climacteric

Answer 22

the period of physical and psychological change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs during late middle age

Question 23

problem-focused coping

Answer 23

managing a threatening situation by directly changing it to make it less stressful (ie… hate your job, you get a new one)

Question 24

emotion-focused coping

Answer 24

a conscious regulation of emotion (ie… looking on the bright side)

Question 25

social support

Answer 25

assistance and comfort supplied by others

Question 26

emotional insulation

Answer 26

defensive coping mechanism, through which people unconsciously try to block emotions and thereby avoid pain

Question 27

coping style

Answer 27

general tendency to deal with stress in a particular way

Question 28

resilience

Answer 28

ability to withstand, overcome, and even thrive after profound adversity

Question 29

malnutrition

Answer 29

the condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients, produces several results, none good

Question 30

undernutrition

Answer 30

in which there is some deficiency in diet

Question 31

kwashiorkor

Answer 31

a disease in which a childs stomach, limbs, and face swell with water

Question 32

marasmus

Answer 32

disease in which infants stops growing