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PSYCHOLOGY 208 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

zygote

A

the new cell formed by the process of fertilization

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2
Q

genes

A

the basic unit of genetic information

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3
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules

A

the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function

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4
Q

chromosomes

A

rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs

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5
Q

monozygotic twins

A

twins who are genetically identical

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6
Q

dizygotic twins

A

twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

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7
Q

dominant trait

A

the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present

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8
Q

recessive trait

A

a trait within an organism that is present, but not expressed

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9
Q

genotype

A

the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism

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10
Q

phenotype

A

an observable trait; the trait that is actually seen

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11
Q

homozygous

A

inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait

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12
Q

heterozygous

A

inheriting from parents different forms of a gene fir a given trait

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13
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait

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14
Q

X-linked chromosome

A

genes that are considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome

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15
Q

behavioral genetics

A

the study of the effects of hereditary on behavior

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16
Q

Down syndrome

A

a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome of the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism

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17
Q

fragile X syndrome

A

a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation

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18
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it

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19
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

a disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment

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20
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

a disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts

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21
Q

genetic counseling

A

the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders

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22
Q

ultrasound sonography

A

a process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother’s womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can than be assessed

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23
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

a test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo

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24
Q

amniocentesis

A

the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus

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25
Q

temperament

A

patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual

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26
Q

multifactorial transmission

A

the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed

27
Q

fertilization

A

the process by which a sperm and an ovum - the male and female gametes, respectively - join to form a single new cell

28
Q

germinal stage

A

the first - and shortest - stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first 2 weeks following conception

29
Q

placenta

A

a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord

30
Q

embryonic stage

A

the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems

31
Q

fetal stage

A

the stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth

32
Q

fetus

A

a developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until born

33
Q

infertility

A

the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant

34
Q

artificial insemination

A

a process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm are placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a physician

35
Q

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

a procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries, and man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory

36
Q

teratogen

A

an environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect

37
Q

preterm infants

A

infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception

38
Q

low-birthweight infants

A

infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5 1/2 lbs) at birth

39
Q

small-for-gestational-age infants

A

infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90% (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age

40
Q

very-low-birthweight infants

A

infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams (around 2.25 lbs) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks

41
Q

postmature infants

A

infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother’s due date

42
Q

Cesarean delivery

A

a birth in which the baby is surgical removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal

43
Q

fetal monitor

A

a device that measures the baby’s heartbeat during delivery

44
Q

stillbirth

A

the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in less than 1 delivery in 100

45
Q

infant mortality

A

death within the first year of life

46
Q

mitosis

A

accounts for replication of most types of cells

47
Q

meiosis

A

process when gametes - sperm and ova - are formed the adult human body

48
Q

reaction range

A

the potential degree of variablilty in the actual expression of a trait due to environmental conditions

49
Q

spontaneous mutation

A

when genes for no known reason sponataneously change their form

50
Q

karyotype

A

a chart containing enlarged photos of each of the chromosomes

51
Q

first- trimester screen

A

combines a blood test and ultasound sonography in the 11th to 13th week of pregnancy and can identify chromosomal abnormalities and other disorders

52
Q

neuroticism

A

the degree of emotional stability an individual characteristically displays

53
Q

extroversion

A

degree to which a person seeks to be with others, to behave in an outgoing manner and generally to be sociable

54
Q

blastocyst

A

fertilized egg

55
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer of the embryo, will form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, brain and spinal cord

56
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer of the embryo, produces digestive system, liver pancreas, and respiratory system

57
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer of embryo, forms muscles, bones, blood, and circulatory system

58
Q

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

released about 266 days after conception, and releases various hormones to triggers labor

59
Q

oxytocin

A

released by pituitary gland, causes contractions

60
Q

episiotomy

A

an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass

61
Q

Lamaze birthing techniques

A

using breathing techniques and relaxaton training, to prevent tensing up while in labor

62
Q

Bradley method

A

“husband coached childbirth” – principle that childbirth should be as natural as possible to involve no medication or medical interventions

63
Q

Hypnobirthing

A

self-hypnosis during delivery that produces a sense of peace and calm, thereby reducing pain

PSYCHOLOGY 208 (8 decks)

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