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PSYCHOLOGY 208 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lifespan Development

A

is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change and stability in behavior that occur throughout the life span

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2
Q

physical development

A

examining the ways in which the body’s makeup – the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink and sleep – helps determine behavior

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3
Q

cognitive development

A

understanding how growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior – examines learning, memory, problem solving and intelligence

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4
Q

personality development

A

study of stability and change in the characteristics that differentiate one person from another over a lifespan

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5
Q

social development

A

the way in which individuals’ interactions interactions and relationships with others grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life

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6
Q

Life Span

A

social constructions – divided into broad age ranges: prenatal (conception to birth), infancy and toddlerhood (birth to 3), preschool (3-6), middle childhood (6 to 12), adolescence (12 to 20), yound adult (20 to 40), middle adult (40 to 60), late adult (60 to death)

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7
Q

social constructions

A

is a shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time – arbitrary and culturally defined

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8
Q

cohort

A

a group of people born around the same time and same place

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9
Q

cohort effects

A

example of history-graded influences, biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment

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10
Q

age-graded influences

A

are biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised

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11
Q

sociocultural-graded influences

A

social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership

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12
Q

non-normative life events

A

specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person’s life at a time when such events do not happen to most people

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13
Q

continuous stage

A

development is gradual, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels – continuous change is quantitative

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14
Q

discontinuous change

A

occurring at distinct stages, each stage brings about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behaviors at earlier stages

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15
Q

critical period

A

specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences – occur when certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally

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16
Q

sensitive periods

A

organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments – absence of stimuli during a sensitive period does not always produce irreversible consequences

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17
Q

maturation

A

predetermined unfolding of genetic information

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18
Q

nature

A

genetics; refers to traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one’s parent’s

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19
Q

nurture

A

environment; refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior

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20
Q

theories

A

broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest – provides a framework for understanding the relationships among a seemingly unorganized set of facts or principles

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21
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

closely associated with Freud – approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces,memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control

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22
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior

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23
Q

psychosexual development

A

according to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part

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24
Q

unconscious

A

part of the personality which a person is unaware

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25
Q

id

A

raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is present at birth – operates according to the pleasure principle

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26
Q

pleasure principle

A

goal is maximize satisfaction and reduce tension

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27
Q

ego

A

part of the personality that is rational and reasonable – acts as a buffer between the external world and primitive id – acts of reality principle

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28
Q

reality principle

A

instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society

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29
Q

superego

A

represents the persons conscience, distinctions between right and wrong – develops around age 5 or 6, learned behaviors

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30
Q

psychosocial development

A

the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understand of ourselves as members of society

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31
Q

behavioral perspectives

A

the approach that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

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32
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which an organism responds to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response

33
Q

operant conditioning

A

a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences

34
Q

behavior modification

A

a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

35
Q

social-cognitive learning theory

A

learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model

36
Q

reinforcement

A

process by which a behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated

37
Q

punishment

A

the introduction of an unpleasant of painful stimulus or the removal of desirable stimulus, will decrease the likeliness a behavior will be repeated

38
Q

schemes

A

organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions

39
Q

assimilation

A

process in which people understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and existing ways of thinking

40
Q

accommodation

A

refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events

41
Q

cognitive perspective

A

the approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world

42
Q

information processing approaches

A

models that seek to identify the way individuals take in, use and store information

43
Q

cognitive neuroscience approaches

A

approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes

44
Q

humanistic perspective

A

the theory that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior

45
Q

free will

A

ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives instead of relying on societal standards

46
Q

contextual perspective

A

theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds

47
Q

bioecological approach

A

the perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence behaviors

48
Q

self-actualization

A

states of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential

49
Q

microsystem

A

is the everyday, immediate environment of children’s daily lives

50
Q

mesosystem

A

connects the various aspects of the microsytem

51
Q

exosystem

A

societal institutions such a local government, community, schools, places of worship – effect how microsystem and mesosystem operate

52
Q

macrosystem

A

represents larger cultural influences on an individual, including society in general

53
Q

chronosystem

A

involves the way the passage of time – including historical events

54
Q

collectivism

A

notion that the well-being of the group is more important that the individual

55
Q

sociocultural theory

A

emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of culture

56
Q

evolutionary perspective

A

theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

57
Q

ethology

A

examines ways in which our biological makeup influences our behavior

58
Q

behavioral genetics

A

studies the effects of hereditary of behavior

59
Q

scientific method

A

the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data

60
Q

hypothesis

A

a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested

61
Q

correlational research

A

research that seeks to identify whether as association or relationship between two factors exist

62
Q

experimental research

A

research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors

63
Q

correlation coefficient

A

the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors is represented by this mathematical score

64
Q

naturalistic observation

A

a type of correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation

65
Q

ethnography

A

goal is to understand a culture’s values and attitudes through careful, extended examination

66
Q

case studies

A

involve extensive, in depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals

67
Q

survey research

A

a type of study in which a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior or thinking on a given topic

68
Q

experiment

A

a process in which an investigator, called an experimenter , devices two different experiences for subjects or participants

69
Q

psychophysiological methods

A

approaches that focus on relationship between physiological processes and behavior

70
Q

EEG – electroencephalogram

A

uses electrodes placed on the skull to record electrical activity in brain

71
Q

CAT scan

A

constructs an image of the brain by combining thousands of individual x-rays taken at slightly different angles

72
Q

MRI

A

provides detailed 3D views – offers most detailed views

73
Q

independent variable

A

variable that researches manipulate in an experiment

74
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation

75
Q

sample

A

group of participants chosen for experiment

76
Q

field study

A

a research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting

77
Q

laboratory study

A

a research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant

78
Q

theoretical research

A

research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

79
Q

applied research

A

research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems

PSYCHOLOGY 208 (8 decks)

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