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BIO 233 (Exam 1) > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues.

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and forms glands.

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3
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials within the body, and stores energy.

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4
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Specialized for contraction.

Includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscle of the heart, and the muscular walls of hollow organs.

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5
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle.
Cardiac muscle.
Smooth muscle.

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6
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is for movement and voluntary?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue.

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7
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and only for the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue.

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8
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found throughout the body?

A

Smooth muscle tissue.

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9
Q

Neural tissue function?

A

Communication to and from brain.

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10
Q

Functions of Epithelial tissue?

A

Provide physical protection.
Control permeability.
Provide sensation.
Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium).

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11
Q

Simple vs Stratified Epithelial tissue

A

Simple = one layer.

Stratified = multiple layers.

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12
Q

The body’s most delicate type of epithelium. Located in protected regions where absorption or diffusion takes place.
Ex.) Alveoli of lungs. Lining of Chornea.

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

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13
Q

Stratified Squamous epithelium. + 2 examples

A

Generally located where mechanical stresses are severe.

Ex.) Surface of skin. lining of mouth, throat.

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14
Q

Mesothelium

A

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities enclosing the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs.

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15
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium location

A

Sweat gland ducts.

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16
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium + 2example

A

Provides limited protection and occurs where secretion or absorption takes place.
Thyroid glands. (maintains metabolism)
Kidney Tubules.

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17
Q

Epithelium that has the ability to stretch and recoil.

A

Transitional Epithelium.

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18
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Urinary Bladder.

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19
Q

Where are Simple Columnar Epithelium typically found?

A

Typically where absorption or secretion takes place, such as in the small intestine.

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20
Q

Where do Stratified Columnar Epithelium provide protection?

A

Portions of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra, and Salivary gland duct.

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21
Q

What epithelium is found in the respiratory tract?

A

Psuedo stratified columnar epithelium.

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22
Q

Connective tissue and its main function.

A

A diverse group of supporting tissues.

Connects the epithelium to the rest of the body.

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23
Q

The three basic characteristics of all connective tissue.

A

Specialized cells.
Solid Extracellular protein fibers.
Fluid extracellular ground substance.

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24
Q

Together, the ________ and ________ make up the matrix, which surround the cells.

A

Extracellular fibers.

Ground substance.

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25
Q

While cells make up the bulk of epithelial tissue, the _______ typically accounts for most of the volume of connective tissue.

A

Matrix.

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26
Q

Main function of Bone connective tissue.

A

Provide structure.

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27
Q

Main function of Fat connective tissue.

A

Store energy.

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28
Q

Main function of blood connective tissue.

A

Transport materials.

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29
Q

Do connective tissues have contact with the environment?

A

No.

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30
Q

2 characteristics of Adipose Tissue.

A

Contains adipocytes.

Reduces heat loss.

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31
Q

Three characteristics of Areolar Tissue.

A

The packaging material of the body.
Viscous ground substance.
Holds blood vessels and capillary beds.

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32
Q

What type of tissue are tendons and ligaments?

A

Dense regular connective tissue.

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33
Q

This dense regular connective tissue produces movement.

A

Tendons.

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34
Q

This dense regular connective tissue prevents joints from moving too much.

A

Ligaments.

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35
Q

Tendons attach….

A

Muscles to bones.

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36
Q

Connect bone to bone and stabilize organs.

A

Ligaments.

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37
Q

What is elastic tissue made of?

A

Elastic fibers.

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38
Q

Two body parts made of elastic ligaments.

A

Spinal vertebrae.

Vocal cords.

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39
Q

The two types of Fluid connective tissue

A

Blood.

Lymph.

40
Q

Watery matrix of dissolved proteins.

A

Fluid connective tissues.

41
Q

This tissue has a distinctive population of cells suspended in watery matrix.

A

Fluid connective tissue.

42
Q

Scientific name for the following:
Platelets.
Red blood cells.
White blood cells.

A

Thrombocytes.
Erythrocytes.
Leukocytes.

43
Q

Scientific name for the following:

Platelets.
Red blood cells.
White blood cells.

A

Thrombocytes.
Erythrocytes.
Leukocytes.

44
Q

Another name for Erythrocytes, and their basic function.

A

Red blood cells.

Carry O2+ CO2 to and from lungs.

45
Q

Another name for leukocytes and their function.

A

White blood cells.

‘Soldier’ cell, kills infection.

46
Q

Another name for Thrombocytes and their function.

A

Blood clotting.

47
Q

Support soft tissues and body weight.

A

Supportive connective tissue.

48
Q

2 types of supportive connective tissues.

A

Cartilage.

Bone.

49
Q

2 characteristics of cartilage.

A

Gel-type ground susbtance.

For shock and absorption and protection.

50
Q

2 characteristics of bone.

A

Calcified ( made rigid by calcium salts).

For weight support.

51
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline.
Elastic.
Fibrocartilage.

52
Q

Basic function of Hyaline Cartilage.

A

Reduces friction in joints.

53
Q

Basic function of Elastic Cartilage.

A

Found in external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube.

54
Q

Type of cartilage that resists compression. The toughest cartilage.

A

Fibrocartilage.

55
Q

Most abundant cartilage in body.

A

Hyaline cartilage.

56
Q

4 types of membranes

A

Mucous.
Serous.
Cutaneous.
Synovial.

57
Q

This membrane traps bad actors in the body.

A

Mucous membrane.

58
Q

Membrane used for lubrication and protection.

A

Mucous membrane.

59
Q

Membrane that lines passageways that have external connections.

A

Mucous membrane.

60
Q

Membrane located in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

A

Mucous membrane.

61
Q

Membrane that line cavities not open to the outside.

A

Serous membrane.

62
Q

This membrane is thick but strong.

A

Serous.

63
Q

All organs are covered in own __________.

A

Serous membrane.

64
Q

2 portions of Serous membrane.

A 
Parietal portion. 
Visceral portion (serosa) .
65
Q

What does the parietal portion of the serous membrane do?

A

Covers the cavity.

66
Q

What does the Visceral portion of the serous membrane do?

A

Covers the organs.

67
Q

Membrane covering the skin surface of the body.

A

Cutaneous membrane.

68
Q

4 characteristics of Synovial membranes.

A

Line articulating joint cavities.
Produce synovial fluid (lubricant).
Protect the ends of bones.
Lack a true epithelium.

69
Q

This membrane covers all move able joints.

A

Synovial membranes.

70
Q

Tissue that’s specialized for contraction and produces all body movement.

A

Muscle tissue.

71
Q

Three types of muscle tissue.

A

Skeletal.
Cardiac.
Smooth.

72
Q

Large body muscles responsible for movement.

A

Skeletal muscle.

73
Q

Muscle found only in the heart.

A

Cardiac muscle.

74
Q

Muscle tissue found in walls of hollow, contraction organs ..

A

Smooth muscle.

75
Q

3 characteristics of Neural tissue (AKA nervous or nerve).

A

Specialized for conducting electrical impulses.

Rapidly sense internal or external environment.

Process information and controls responses.

76
Q

What make up the central nervous system?

A

Brain.

Spinal cord.

77
Q

Where’s neural tissue most concentrated?

A

The central nervous system.

78
Q

2 kinds of neural cells.

A

Neurons.

Neuroglia.

79
Q

Type of neural cells that contain nerve cells and perform electrical communication.

A

Neurons.

80
Q

Type of neural cells that have support cells and repair and supply nutrients to neurons.

A

Neuroglia.

81
Q

Tissues respond to injuries to maintain ________.

A

Homeostasis.

82
Q

Cells restore homeostasis with 3 processes.

A

Inflammation.
Regeneration.
Fibrosis.

83
Q

The tissues first response to injury, and prepares the area for healing.

A

Inflammation.

84
Q

Signs of inflammatory response.

A

Swelling.
Redness.
Heat.
Pain.

85
Q

First step in the process of inflammation.

A

Damaged cells release chemical signals into the surrounding interstitial fluid.

86
Q

In the Second step in the process of inflammation, injury stimulates mast cells to release:

A

Histamine.
Heparin.
Prostaglandins.

87
Q

Once mast cells are stimulated, the inflammatory process then

A

Dilates surrounding blood vessels.

88
Q

Dilation of blood vessels does what 4 things?

A

Increases blood circulation in the area.
Causes warmth and redness.
Brings more nutrients and oxygen to the area.
Removes waste.

89
Q

During the process of inflmmation, ______ moves into the area which causes swelling and pain.

A

Plasma.

90
Q

What cleans up the area during process of inflammation?

A

Phagocytic white blood cells.

91
Q

The replacement of destroyed tissue by the proliferation of cells that are identical to the original cells.

A

Regeneration.

92
Q

Which tissue healing mechanism Replaces damaged tissue with exact same tissue?

A

Regeneration.

93
Q

2 cell types that don’t regenerate.

A

Cardiac and neuron cells.

94
Q

Fibrosis

A

The replacement of destroyed tissue by the generation of fibrous connective tissue.

95
Q

Another name for fibrosis.

A

Scar tissue.

BIO 233 (Exam 1) (6 decks)

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