Chapter 4 Flashcards
Histology
The study of tissues.
Epithelial Tissue
Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and forms glands.
Connective Tissue
Fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials within the body, and stores energy.
Muscle Tissue
Specialized for contraction.
Includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscle of the heart, and the muscular walls of hollow organs.
Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle.
Cardiac muscle.
Smooth muscle.
Which type of muscle tissue is for movement and voluntary?
Skeletal muscle tissue.
Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and only for the heart?
Cardiac muscle tissue.
Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found throughout the body?
Smooth muscle tissue.
Neural tissue function?
Communication to and from brain.
Functions of Epithelial tissue?
Provide physical protection.
Control permeability.
Provide sensation.
Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium).
Simple vs Stratified Epithelial tissue
Simple = one layer.
Stratified = multiple layers.
The body’s most delicate type of epithelium. Located in protected regions where absorption or diffusion takes place.
Ex.) Alveoli of lungs. Lining of Chornea.
Simple squamous epithelium.
Stratified Squamous epithelium. + 2 examples
Generally located where mechanical stresses are severe.
Ex.) Surface of skin. lining of mouth, throat.
Mesothelium
The simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities enclosing the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium location
Sweat gland ducts.
Simple cuboidal epithelium + 2example
Provides limited protection and occurs where secretion or absorption takes place.
Thyroid glands. (maintains metabolism)
Kidney Tubules.
Epithelium that has the ability to stretch and recoil.
Transitional Epithelium.
Where is transitional epithelium found?
Urinary Bladder.
Where are Simple Columnar Epithelium typically found?
Typically where absorption or secretion takes place, such as in the small intestine.
Where do Stratified Columnar Epithelium provide protection?
Portions of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra, and Salivary gland duct.
What epithelium is found in the respiratory tract?
Psuedo stratified columnar epithelium.
Connective tissue and its main function.
A diverse group of supporting tissues.
Connects the epithelium to the rest of the body.
The three basic characteristics of all connective tissue.
Specialized cells.
Solid Extracellular protein fibers.
Fluid extracellular ground substance.
Together, the ________ and ________ make up the matrix, which surround the cells.
Extracellular fibers.
Ground substance.
While cells make up the bulk of epithelial tissue, the _______ typically accounts for most of the volume of connective tissue.
Matrix.
Main function of Bone connective tissue.
Provide structure.
Main function of Fat connective tissue.
Store energy.
Main function of blood connective tissue.
Transport materials.
Do connective tissues have contact with the environment?
No.
2 characteristics of Adipose Tissue.
Contains adipocytes.
Reduces heat loss.
Three characteristics of Areolar Tissue.
The packaging material of the body.
Viscous ground substance.
Holds blood vessels and capillary beds.
What type of tissue are tendons and ligaments?
Dense regular connective tissue.
This dense regular connective tissue produces movement.
Tendons.
This dense regular connective tissue prevents joints from moving too much.
Ligaments.
Tendons attach….
Muscles to bones.
Connect bone to bone and stabilize organs.
Ligaments.
What is elastic tissue made of?
Elastic fibers.
Two body parts made of elastic ligaments.
Spinal vertebrae.
Vocal cords.
The two types of Fluid connective tissue
Blood.
Lymph.
Watery matrix of dissolved proteins.
Fluid connective tissues.
This tissue has a distinctive population of cells suspended in watery matrix.
Fluid connective tissue.
Scientific name for the following:
Platelets.
Red blood cells.
White blood cells.
Thrombocytes.
Erythrocytes.
Leukocytes.
Scientific name for the following:
Platelets.
Red blood cells.
White blood cells.
Thrombocytes.
Erythrocytes.
Leukocytes.
Another name for Erythrocytes, and their basic function.
Red blood cells.
Carry O2+ CO2 to and from lungs.
Another name for leukocytes and their function.
White blood cells.
‘Soldier’ cell, kills infection.
Another name for Thrombocytes and their function.
Blood clotting.
Support soft tissues and body weight.
Supportive connective tissue.
2 types of supportive connective tissues.
Cartilage.
Bone.
2 characteristics of cartilage.
Gel-type ground susbtance.
For shock and absorption and protection.
2 characteristics of bone.
Calcified ( made rigid by calcium salts).
For weight support.
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline.
Elastic.
Fibrocartilage.
Basic function of Hyaline Cartilage.
Reduces friction in joints.
Basic function of Elastic Cartilage.
Found in external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube.
Type of cartilage that resists compression. The toughest cartilage.
Fibrocartilage.
Most abundant cartilage in body.
Hyaline cartilage.
4 types of membranes
Mucous.
Serous.
Cutaneous.
Synovial.
This membrane traps bad actors in the body.
Mucous membrane.
Membrane used for lubrication and protection.
Mucous membrane.
Membrane that lines passageways that have external connections.
Mucous membrane.
Membrane located in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
Mucous membrane.
Membrane that line cavities not open to the outside.
Serous membrane.
This membrane is thick but strong.
Serous.
All organs are covered in own __________.
Serous membrane.
2 portions of Serous membrane.
Parietal portion. Visceral portion (serosa) .
What does the parietal portion of the serous membrane do?
Covers the cavity.
What does the Visceral portion of the serous membrane do?
Covers the organs.
Membrane covering the skin surface of the body.
Cutaneous membrane.
4 characteristics of Synovial membranes.
Line articulating joint cavities.
Produce synovial fluid (lubricant).
Protect the ends of bones.
Lack a true epithelium.
This membrane covers all move able joints.
Synovial membranes.
Tissue that’s specialized for contraction and produces all body movement.
Muscle tissue.
Three types of muscle tissue.
Skeletal.
Cardiac.
Smooth.
Large body muscles responsible for movement.
Skeletal muscle.
Muscle found only in the heart.
Cardiac muscle.
Muscle tissue found in walls of hollow, contraction organs ..
Smooth muscle.
3 characteristics of Neural tissue (AKA nervous or nerve).
Specialized for conducting electrical impulses.
Rapidly sense internal or external environment.
Process information and controls responses.
What make up the central nervous system?
Brain.
Spinal cord.
Where’s neural tissue most concentrated?
The central nervous system.
2 kinds of neural cells.
Neurons.
Neuroglia.
Type of neural cells that contain nerve cells and perform electrical communication.
Neurons.
Type of neural cells that have support cells and repair and supply nutrients to neurons.
Neuroglia.
Tissues respond to injuries to maintain ________.
Homeostasis.
Cells restore homeostasis with 3 processes.
Inflammation.
Regeneration.
Fibrosis.
The tissues first response to injury, and prepares the area for healing.
Inflammation.
Signs of inflammatory response.
Swelling.
Redness.
Heat.
Pain.
First step in the process of inflammation.
Damaged cells release chemical signals into the surrounding interstitial fluid.
In the Second step in the process of inflammation, injury stimulates mast cells to release:
Histamine.
Heparin.
Prostaglandins.
Once mast cells are stimulated, the inflammatory process then
Dilates surrounding blood vessels.
Dilation of blood vessels does what 4 things?
Increases blood circulation in the area.
Causes warmth and redness.
Brings more nutrients and oxygen to the area.
Removes waste.
During the process of inflmmation, ______ moves into the area which causes swelling and pain.
Plasma.
What cleans up the area during process of inflammation?
Phagocytic white blood cells.
The replacement of destroyed tissue by the proliferation of cells that are identical to the original cells.
Regeneration.
Which tissue healing mechanism Replaces damaged tissue with exact same tissue?
Regeneration.
2 cell types that don’t regenerate.
Cardiac and neuron cells.
Fibrosis
The replacement of destroyed tissue by the generation of fibrous connective tissue.
Another name for fibrosis.
Scar tissue.
