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BIO 233 (Exam 1) > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts. (FORM)

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions. (FUNCTION)

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3
Q

Gross anatomy involves…

A

Examining fairly large structures. No microscope needed.

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4
Q

All physiological functions are performed by specific __________ structures.

A

Anatomical.

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5
Q

Study of the general form of the body’s surface. Exterior features.

A

Surface Anatomy. AKA superficial anatomy.

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6
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Anatomical organization of specific body areas.

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7
Q

Group of organs working together. Study of structure of organ systems.

A

Systemic anatomy.

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8
Q

Clinical Anatomy

A

Anatomy related to clinical practice. Application of anatomy.

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9
Q

Integumentary System

Major Organs and Functions

A

Skin, Hair, Sweat Glands, Nails.

Protects against environmental hazards.
Helps regulate body temp.
Provides sensory information.

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10
Q

Skeletal System

Major Organs and Functions

A

Bones, Cartilages, Associated Ligaments, Bone Marrow.

Provides Support and protection for other tissues.
Stores calcium and other minerals.
Forms blood cells.

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11
Q

Nervous System

Major Organs and Functions

A

Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Sensory Organs.

Directs immediate responses to stimuli.
Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems.
Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.

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12
Q

Muscular System

Major Organs and Functions

A

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons.

Provides movement.
Provides protection and support for other tissues.
Generates heat that maintains body temperature.

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13
Q 
Endocrine System
(Major Organs and Functions)
A

Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, Gonads, Endocrine tissues in other systems.

Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body.
Controls many structural and functional changes during development.

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14
Q

Cardiovascular System

Major Organs and Functions

A

Heart, Blood, Blood vessels.

Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, and carbon dioxide.
Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature.

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15
Q

Lymphatic system

Major Organs and Functions

A

Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, Tonsils.

Defends against infection and disease.
Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.

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16
Q

Respiratory System

Major Organs and Functions

A

Nasal Cavities, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli.

Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs).
Provides oxygen to bloodstream.
Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream.
Produces sounds for communication.

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17
Q

Digestive System

Major Organs and Functions

A

Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas.

Processes and digests food.
Absorbs and conserves water.
Absorbs nutrients.
Store energy reserves.

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18
Q

Urinary System

Major Organs and Functions

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra.

Excretes waste products from the blood.
Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced.
Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination.
Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH.

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19
Q

Male Reproductive System

Major Organs and Functions

A

Testes, Epididymides, Ductus deferentia, Seminal Vesicles, Prostate gland, Penis, Scrotum.

Produces male sex cells(sperm), Seminal Fluids, and hormones.
Sexual Intercourse.

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20
Q

Female Reproductive System

Major Organs and Functions

A

Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Mammary Glands.

Produces Female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones.
Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery.
Provides milk to nourish newborn infant.
Sexual Intercourse.

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21
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

Describes change in form that take place between conception and adulthood.

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22
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Examines cells and molecules. Things you can’t see without a microscope.

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23
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells and their structure.

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24
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues and their structures.

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25
Q

Cell Physiology

A

Study of processes within and between cells.

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26
Q

Organ (Special) Physiology

A

Study of function of specific organs.

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27
Q

Systemic Physiology

A

Study of functions of an organ system.

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28
Q

Pathological Physiology

A

Study of the effects of disease.

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29
Q

How many organ systems does the body have?

A

11.

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30
Q

All ______ systems work together.

A

Organ.

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31
Q

Major way homeostasis is maintained.

A

Negative feedback loops.

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32
Q

Homeostasis

A

All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment.

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33
Q

Systems respond to ________ and _________ changes to function within a normal range (body temp, fluid balance, etc.)

A

External.

Internal.

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34
Q

Explain a negative feedback loop.

A

If body deviates from normal condition, a RECEPTOR is triggered that informs the brain of the disturbance. The brain (CONTROL CENTER) sends a modifying command to the EFFECTORS. The effectors activate, restoring homeostasis.

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35
Q

Frons

A

forehead (frontal)

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36
Q

Cranium

A

skull (cranial)

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37
Q

Facies

A

face (facial)

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38
Q

Oris

A

mouth (oral)

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39
Q

Mentis

A

chin (mental)

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40
Q

Axillia

A

armpit (axillary)

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41
Q

Brachium

A

arm (brachial)

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42
Q

Antecubitis

A

front of elbow (antecubital)

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43
Q

Antebrachium

A

forearm (antebrachial)

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44
Q

Carpus

A

wrist (carpal)

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45
Q

Pollex

A

thumb

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46
Q

Palma

A

palm (palmar)

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47
Q

Digits (phalanges)

A

fingers or toes (digital or phalangeal)

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48
Q

Patella

A

kneecap (patellar)

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49
Q

Crus

A

leg (crural)

50
Q

Tarsus

A

ankle (tarsal)

51
Q

Hallux

A

great toe

52
Q

Oculus

A

eye (orbital or ocular)

53
Q

Bucca

A

cheek (buccal)

54
Q

Auris

A

ear (otic)

55
Q

Nasus

A

nose (nasal)

56
Q

Cervicis

A

neck (cervical)

57
Q

Thoracis

A

chest (thorax, thoracic)

58
Q

Mamma

A

breast (mammary)

59
Q

Abdomen

A

abdominal

60
Q

Umbilicus

A

navel (umbilical)

61
Q

Pelvis

A

pelvic

62
Q

Parts of the “Trunk” of the body.

A 
Thoracic. 
Mammary. 
Abdominal. 
Umbilical. 
Pelvic.
63
Q

Inguen

A

groin (inguinal)

64
Q

Pubis

A

pubic

65
Q

Femur

A

thigh (femoral)

66
Q

Pes

A

foot (pedal)

67
Q

Shoulder

A

acromial

68
Q

Dorsum

A

back (dorsal)

69
Q

Olecranon

A

back of elbow (olecranal)

70
Q

Lumbus

A

loin (lumbar)

71
Q

Manus

A

hand (manual)

72
Q

Gluteus

A

buttock (gluteal)

73
Q

Popliteus

A

back of knee (popliteal)

74
Q

Sura

A

calf (sural)

75
Q

Calcaneus

A

heel of foot (calcaneal)

76
Q

Planta

A

sole of foot (plantar)

77
Q

Cephalon

A

head (cephalic)

78
Q

Cervicis

A

neck (cervical)

79
Q

Anterior/Ventral?

Posterior/Dorsal?

A

Front.

Back.

80
Q

Medial?

Lateral?

A

Structure closer to mid line in the body.

Structure further from mid line in the body.

81
Q

Superior/Cranial?

Inferior/Candal?

A

Top of body.

Bottom of body.

82
Q

Proximal?

Distal?

What body parts are these terms used for?

A

Structure closest to heart line.

Structure further from heart line.

The extremities.

83
Q

Superficial?

Deep?

A

Closer to surface.

Further from surface.

84
Q

Supine?

A

Lying down, face up.

85
Q

Prone?

A

Lying down, face down.

86
Q

What’s the goal of physiological processes?

A

To restore balance in the body.

87
Q

Vasodilation?

A

Open blood vessels

88
Q

Vasoconstriction?

A

Narrows blood vessels.

89
Q

Negative feedback

A

A method to maintain homeostasis in the body.

90
Q

Anatomical position.

A

The standardized position in medicine.

91
Q

Most significant organ in Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

A

Liver

92
Q

Most significant organ in the Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

A

Spleen

93
Q

Most significant organ in the Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

A

Appendix

94
Q

Most significant organ in the Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

A

Sigmoid colon

95
Q

How do you split up the abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants?

A

Two lines. One vertical and one horizontal through the umbilicus.

96
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity is ________ to diaphragm muscle.

A

Inferior

97
Q

How many Quadrants and Regions are in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

4 quadrants.

9 regions.

98
Q

How do you split up the abdominopelvic cavity into regions?

A

Tic tac toe on abdominopelvic area. Two vertical lines lateral from the umbilicus, 2 horizontal lines, one superior and one inferior to the umbilicus.

99
Q

From left to right, top to bottom, name the Abdominopelvic regions.

A 
Right hypochondriac.
Epigastric region. 
Left hypochondriac.
Right lumbar region.
Umbilical region.
Left lumbar region. 
Right inguinal region. 
Hypo gastric (pubic) region. 
Left inguinal region.
100
Q

Name of the superior and inferior horizontal lines that make up the abdominopelvic regions.

A 
Superior = Transpyloric. 
Inferior = Transfubicular.
101
Q

Sagittal plane?

A

Divides body or body part into right and left half. (Left side and right side)

102
Q

Mid-sagittal plane?

A

Divides body or body part into 2 equal right and left halves. Only one possibility.

103
Q

Para-sagittal plane?

A

Divides body or body part into 2 unequal right and left halves. Infinite possibilities.

104
Q

Frontal(Coronal) plane?

A

Divide the body or body part into front and back half.

105
Q

Horizontal/transverse plane?

A

Divide body or body part into top and bottom half. (superior and inferior)

106
Q

The ventral body cavity includes what two cavities?

A

Dorsal cavity.

Ventral cavity (coelom).

107
Q

The dorsal cavities includes what sub cavities?

A

Cranial cavity.

Spinal cavity.

108
Q

The ventral cavity includes what sub cavities?

A

Thoracic cavity.

Abdominopelvic cavity.

109
Q

Major organ in the cranial cavity.

A

Brain.

110
Q

Major organ in the spinal cavity.

A

Spinal Cord (NOT spine)

111
Q

Sub cavities in the Thoracic cavity?

A

Pericardial cavity.

2 Plural cavities (R/L)

112
Q

Major organ in the pericardial cavity?

A

Heart.

113
Q

Major organ in the pleural cavities.

A

Lungs.

114
Q

Location of the thoracic cavity relative to the diaphragm.

A

Superior to the diaphragm.

115
Q

Sub cavities of the Abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Abdominal cavity.

Pelvic cavity.

116
Q

Three organs in the thoracic cavity.

A

Trachea, esophagus, thymus gland.

117
Q

Organs in the abdominal cavity.

A

Stomach, spleen, kidney, pancreas, liver, gall bladder.

118
Q

Organs in the pelvic cavity.

A

Bladder, rectum, prostate gland, uterus.

119
Q

Viscera

A

The internal organs in the main cavities of the body.

120
Q

Serous fluid

A

A watery fluid that moistens serous membranes ,coats opposing surfaces, and reduces friction.

121
Q

Visceral serosa.

A

Portion of a serous membrane that directly covers a visceral organ.

BIO 233 (Exam 1) (6 decks)

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