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BIO 233 (Exam 1) > Chapter 2/3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2/3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

______is made up of Atoms.

A

Matter.

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2
Q

_______ join together to form chemicals with different characteristics.

A

Atoms

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3
Q

Chemical characteristics determine _________ at the molecular and cellular level.

A

Physiology.

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4
Q

The Atomic number is equal to the number of ________.

A

Protons.

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5
Q

Mass number is equal to number of ______ plus ______.

A

Protons; neutrons.

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6
Q

What’s the atomic weight?

A

exact mass of all particles.

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7
Q

Ionic bonds?

A

attraction between positively (cations) and negatively (anions) charged particles. Ex. NaCl.

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8
Q

Covalent bonds.

A

Results from sharing of electrons of atoms to complete their outer shell.

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9
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Partially positive hydrogen is attracted to partially negative atom in another molecule (ex. water)

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10
Q

Hydrogen bonds can occur within a ______ molecule.

A

Single

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11
Q

Hydrogen bonds are important forces for holding large _______ together.

A

Molecules.

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12
Q

Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the unique properties of _____.

A

Water.

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13
Q

Decomposition reaction is called _______.

A

Catabolism.

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14
Q

Decomposition takes _______ molecules and turns them into _______ molecules.

A

Large; Small

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15
Q

Synthesis reaction is also called _______.

A

Anabolism.

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16
Q

Synthesis reaction turns _______ molecules into _______ molecules.

A

Small; Larger.

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17
Q

What do enzymes do in the body?

A

Speed up reactions.

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18
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

by lowering the required activation energy.

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19
Q

Exchange reactions are called ______ .

A

reversible.

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20
Q

Exchange (reversible) reactions seek _________.

A

equilibrium.

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21
Q

What happens if you add or remove reactants?

A

Reaction rates adjust to reach new equilibrium.

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22
Q

Activation energy?

A

The amount of energy required to start a reaction.

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23
Q

Enzymes belong to a class of substances called ___________.

A

Catalysts.

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24
Q

Catalysts?

A

Compounds that speed up chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed.

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25
Q

An enzyme affects only the _______ of a reaction.

A

Rate.

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26
Q

Reactions that release energy are said to be __________.

A

exergonic

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27
Q

Exergonic reactions produce more ______ than they use.

A

Energy.

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28
Q

What reaction uses more energy than it produces?

A

Endergonic reactions.

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29
Q

Acid = pH _____ than 7. Has high ____ concentration.

Base = pH _____ than 7. Has high ___ concentration.

A

Lower; H+.

Higher; OH-.

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30
Q

What can an excess of H+ ions cause in the body?

A

Cell and tissue damage.
Protein alteration.
Interference with normal physiological function.

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31
Q

Acidosis?

A

Excess H+ in body fluid (low pH)

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32
Q

Alkalosis?

A

Excess OH- in body fluid (high pH)

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33
Q

Monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms (glucose).

34
Q

Disaccharides?

A

2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (sucrose).

35
Q

Polysaccharides?

A

Chains of many simple sugars (glycogen).

36
Q

Buffers?

A

Compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions.

37
Q

The 4 macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates.
Lipids.
Proteins.
Nucleic acids.

38
Q

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

A

Monomer.

39
Q

Monomers join together through ______ _______ reactions to form polymers.

A

Dehydration Synthesis.

40
Q

The monomers of macromolecules are separated, or released, through ______ _______.

A

Hydrolysis reactions.

41
Q

Smallest absorb able unit of each Carbs, fat, and protein?

A 
Carbs = Glucose. 
Fats = Fatty acids. 
Protein = Amino Acids.
42
Q

Two types of fatty acids.

A

Saturated (no covalent bonds).

Unsaturated (1 or more double bonds).

43
Q

The most abundant and important organic molecule?

A

Protein.

44
Q

Two types of Amino Acids.

A

Essential.

Non Essential.

45
Q

7 major protein functions

A 
Support (Structural Proteins). 
Movement (Contractile Proteins). 
Transport (Transport Proteins) 
Buffering (regulation of pH). 
Metabolic regulation (enzymes). 
Coordination and Control (Hormones). 
Defense (Antibodies).
46
Q

________ control anatomical structure and physiological function. Determine cell shape and tissue properties. Perform almost all cell functions.

A

Proteins.

47
Q

Peptide bond

A

A dehydration synthesis between the amino group of 1 amino acid and the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid.

48
Q

polypeptide

A

A long chain of amino acids.

49
Q

Secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats.

50
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Complex coiling and folding that gives a protein its final three dimensional shape.

51
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

The final protein shape, several tertiary structures together.

52
Q

Cofactor?

A

Helps enzymes. An ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind.

53
Q

Coenzyme?

A

Nonprotein organic cofactors. (Vitamins)

54
Q

Enzyme Specificity?

A

One enzyme catalyzes one reaction.

55
Q

Enzyme Saturation limits?

A

An enzyme’s maximum work rate.

56
Q

Enzyme Regulation?

A

The ability to turn on and off.

57
Q

Cell membrane Function?

A

To separate the extracellular material from the intracellular material.

58
Q

The cell membrane is a double layer of _________ molecules with proteins scattered throughout.

A

Phospholipid.

59
Q

________ in the cell membrane provide structural support, form channels for passage of materials, act as receptor sites, function as carrier molecules, and provide identification markers.

A

Proteins.

60
Q

Controls the composition of the cytoplasm by regulating movement of substances in and out of the cell.

A

Cell membrane.

61
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel like fluid inside the cell, is largely water with a variety of solutes and has organelles suspended in it.

62
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles (5)

A 
Mitochondria. 
Ribosomes. 
Endoplasmic reticulum. 
Golgi Apparatus. 
Lysosomes.
63
Q

Mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell. Function in the production of ATP, enclosed by a double membrane.

64
Q

Ribosomes?

A

Granules of RNA that function in protein synthesis.

65
Q

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Transports proteins, associated with ribosomes.

66
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

No ribosomes, and transports certain lipids.

67
Q

Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modifies substances that are produced in other parts of the cell and prepares these products for secretion.

68
Q

Lysosomes?

A

Contain enzymes that break down substances taken in at the cell membrane.

69
Q

Cytoskeleton?

A

Formed from microfilaments and microtubules and helps to maintain the shape of the cell.

70
Q

Centrioles?

A

Function in cell division.

71
Q

Cilia?

A

Short, hairlike projections that move substances across the surface of a cell.

72
Q

Flagella?

A

Long, threadlike, projections that move the cell.

73
Q

Simple diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a permeable membrane.

74
Q

Faciliated diffusion?

A

Requires a special carrier molecule but still moves particles down a concentration gradient.

75
Q

Osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water.

76
Q

Hypotonic solution?

A

Lower concentration.

77
Q

Hypertonic solution?

A

higher concentration.

78
Q

Isotonic?

A

When solutions are balanced. End of osmosis.

79
Q

Active transport?

A

Moves susbtances against a concentration gradient, from region of lower to region of higher concentration. Requires energy use (ATP)

80
Q

Passive transport?

A

Does not require energy use (ATP)

81
Q

_________ uses pressure to push substances through a membrane; pores in the membrane filter determine the size of particles that will pass through it.

A

Filtration.

BIO 233 (Exam 1) (6 decks)

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