Chapter 4 Flashcards
Explain
Giving Up– Explain what happens in Learned helplessness: Include animal example
Learned helplessness is passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events.
Animals were shocked with no chance of escaping, they then were given a chance to escape but many animals didn’t even try to learn the escape response.
Acting Aggresively: What happens when a person uses Displacement?
What is Catharsis?
What did experimental research conclude about the effect of Catharsis on Aggression?
What has research shown on the effect of viewing and playing violent video games?
A person takes out their anger on a substitute target.
Catharsis: Freud’s term to refer to the release of emotional tension.
Most studies find that behaving in an aggressive manner tends to fuel more anger and aggression.
Playing violent games was related to increased aggression, physiological arousal, and aggressive thoughts and to decreased pro-social behavior. Desensitizes to violent acts and encourages aggressive self-views and automatic aggressive responses.
Indulging Yourself.
Give examples.
When things are going poorly in one area of your life, you try to compensate by pursuing substitute forms of satisfaction.
Shopping spree
Drinking, Smoking, Gambling, Drug use
Describe internet addiction
People who exhibit this syndrome feel what when they are not online?
Consists of spending an inordinate amount of time on the internet and an inability to control online use.
Anxious, depressed, or empty.
Blaming Yourself- Explain how catastrophic thinking is shown by negative self-talk
People often unreasonably attribute their failures to personal shortcomings,
Focus on negative feedback while ignoring favorable feedback,
Make unduly pessimistic projections about the future.
Defense Mechanisms
What do they defend against?
How do they work?
Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
They defend against emotional discomfort.
They work through self-deception
Defense Mechanisms Denial: Fantasy: Isolation: Undoing:
Denial: Refusal to acknowledge or face up to unpleasant realities in one’s life
Fantasy: Fulfilling conscious or unconscious wishes and impulses in one’s imagination
Undoing: Attempting to counteract feelings of guilty through acts of atonement
What are positive illusions? How do they work?
An example is individuals diagnosed with AIDS show that those with unrealistically optimistic expectations of the course of their disease actually experience a less rapid course of illness.
Positive illusions are illusions that can actually help the person having them.
There are three major types of Constructive coping Tactics. List them.
Appraisal-focused strategies
Problem-focused strategies
Emotion-focused strategies
Appraisal-Focused Constructive Coping
What is Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy?
An approach to therapy that focuses on altering clients’ patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behavior
Appraisal-Focused Constructive Coping
What is Catastrophic Thinking?
Involved unrealistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems.
Appraisal-Focused Constructive Coping
Explain 3 steps in the A-B-C model.
Date example, personal example
A-Activating event. Event that produces stress
B-Belief system. Belief about event/appraisal of the stress
C-Consequence. Consequence of your negative thinking.
A-Stood up on a date
B- “This is terrible, ill never find anyone”
C- Emotional turmoil: Angry, anxious, agitated, dejected
Appraisal-Focused Constructive Coping
List any 2 of the 4 common irrational assumptions that people may have
“I must have love and affection from certain people”
“I must perform well in all endeavors.”
“Other people should always behave competently and be considerate of me”
“Events should always go the way I like”
Appraisal-Focused Constructive Coping
One way to reduce catastrophic thinking is to avoid using which words?
Should, ought, always, never, and must.
Appraisal-Focused Constructive Coping
Example of using humor as a stress reducer.
a
Explain Positive Reinterpretation and give the example of searching for something good in a bad experience.
Engaging in a mindset such as
“Things could be worse”
Or looking for the good in a bad experience.
for example, you lose your job but realize that you now have a lot more free time for your hobbies.
Problem-Focused Constructive Coping
How would you use Systematic Problem Solving? What is brainstorming?
Clarify the Problem
Generate Alternative Courses of Action
Evaluate Your Alternatives and Select Course of Action
Take Action While Maintaining Flexibility
Brainstorming: Generating as many ideas as possible while withholding criticism and evaluation. Part of Stage 2
Problem-Focused Constructive Coping
Seeking help—How might cultural factors play a role?
Especially seen in who seeks social support.
Asians are less likely to seek support than Europeans
Different cultures are more collectivist than others.
Culture may also be a factor in what kind of support you want
Emotion-Focused Constructive Coping
Emotional Intelligence includes 4 essential components. What are they?
Emotional Intelligence: Consist of ability to perceive and express emotion, use emotions to factilitate thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion.
What did Pennebaker find when he ha students write three essays about their college difficulties?
Those who write about personal problems is associated with improved mood, more positive self-perceptions, fewer visits to physicians, and enhanced immune functioning.
Talking about personal issues can be beneficial.
What does research show about forgiving?
Forgiving is an effective emotion-focused coping strategy associated with better adjustment and well-being. Also a lower chance for heart attacks and other types of illnesses.
What type of problems can be helped with regular exercise?
Emotions related to stress.
An outlet for frustration
Distraction from stressor
Benefits physical and psychological health
Explain how meditation works. Is it possible to attain similar results with other relaxation techniques?
Meditation: A family of mental exercises in which a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a nonanalytical way.
Works due to increase in positive emotions brought on by meditative techniques.
Four essential factors Quiet Environment Mental Device Passive Attitude Comfortable Position
Koenig and others have found that spirituality has been linked to
Which type of religious involvement is detrimental to mental health?
Better physical and mental health.
Religious involvement that focuses on punishments or guilt.
Explain how the following is a problem in time management
Inability to: Stick to priorities Say "No" Delegate Responsibility Throw things away Avoid Interruptions Accept anything less than perfection
People deal with routine, trivial tasks ahead of larger and more difficult tasks.
People end up fulfilling others’ priorities instead of their own
People who cant delegate waste a lot of time on trivial work or other’s work
End up reshuffling the same paper, rereading the same mail, resorting same files, and so on.
Friends stop by when we are studying, coworkers want to chat while we are working under deadlines, family emergencies arise, etc.
People expect their work to be flawless, cant let go, they dwell on minor problems and make microscopic changes in the papers, projects.
Problem of procrastination–Why do people procrastinate?
Desire to minimize time on a task
Desire to optimize efficiency
Close proximity to reward.
Its also related to low self-efficacy, low conscientiousness, lack of self-control, poor organization, low achievement motivation, and high distractability
Tice & Baumeister found time management was a better predictor of college GPA than ___
SAT scores
Explain how each of the following time-saver suggestions works
Handle paper once
Tackle one task at a time
Group similar tasks together
Make use of your downtime
If a letter or email gets to you it should not be stashed away to be read again and again before you deal with them. Deal with it immediately
Jumping from one problem to another is inefficient. Stick with one till done.
Good idea to bunch up small tasks that are similar
In downtime situations try to get some of your easier work done.
