Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is the Behaviorists’ view of an individual’s personality?
A collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations.
Explain these parts of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response
Unconditioned stimulus: Stimulus that evokes an uncondition response without previous conditioning
UR: Unlearned reaction to unconditioned stimulus, occrs without previous conditioning
CS: Previously neutral stimulus that has gained power to evoke a response.
CR: Learned reaction to conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
Explain these aspects of Classical Conditioning
Definition
The Conditioned Reflex
Pavlov’s dog experiment
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquired the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
Dog salivating with bell experiment. Food
What are these examples
Woman’s bridge phobia
News reporter anxiety in the newsroom.
Provide US,UR,CS,CR
a
What is Extinction?
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendecy
oPeRant Conditioning
oPeRant Conditioning probably governs a larger share of human behavior than classical conditioning since most human response are _____ rather than _____
Voluntary rather than reflexive
Emitted rather than elcited
oPeRant Conditioning
What did Skinner show with his experiments?
That organisms repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences, and do not repeat the responses that are followed by neutral or unfavorable consequences.
oPeRant Conditioning
What is Positive Reinforcement?
Negative Reinforcement?
Whats the calling in sick example
Positive reinforcement- Occurs when a response is strengthed (Frequency +) because it is followed by pleasant stimulus
Negative Reinforcement- Occurs when a response is strengthed ( Frequency+) because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
oPeRant Conditioning
How does Extinction occur and how is punishment used to change behavior
Extinction begins when a previously reinforced response stop producing positive consequences. Becomes less and less frequent and eventually disappears.
Bandura originated Social Cognitive Theory and as part of it he gave us Observational learning.
Explain what it is and what is the car salesman example.
Observational learning occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
You see your friend act assertively with a car salesman, he ends up getting a good deal. Now you will act assertively with the salesman in order to get a good deal
What is Self-Efficacy?
What happens when it is high and when it is low?
Self-efficacy: one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.
High: A person feels confident in executing the responses necessary to earn reinforcers.
Low: Individual worries that the necessary responses may be beyond their abilities.
Self-Efficacy
Book lists 15 examples of how greater Self-Efficacy feelings can help reach a goal. Give 2 book examples and 1 of your examples.
Greater success in giving up smoking.
Reduced procrastination
Better study habits
Mine: Learning new talents.
