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Biology 1A > Chapter 4/5 - Immunology and Microbes > Flashcards

Chapter 4/5 - Immunology and Microbes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing agent

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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

A rapid immune response to a large spectrum of diseases

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3
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

A slow response to more specific diseases

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4
Q

What are the two defences in innate immunity?

A

Barrier defences and internal defences

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5
Q

What are the two defences in adaptive immunity?

A

A humoral response and a cell mediated response

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6
Q

What are the barrier defences in innate immunity?

A

Skin, mucous membranes and secretions

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7
Q

What are the internal defences in innate immunity?

A

Phagocytic cells,
Natural killer cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response

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8
Q

What is a humoral response?

A

When antibodies defend against an infection in body fluids

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9
Q

What is a cell-mediated response?

A

When cytotoxic cells defend against infection in bodily cells

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10
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

An enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls

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11
Q

What are the major immune cells in insects?

A

Hemocytes

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12
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The ingestion and breaking down of microorganisms

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13
Q

What is the ph of the stomach and skin

A

Stomach - pH 2

Skin/ Sweat - pH 3-5

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14
Q

What are toll-like receptors? (TLR)

A

A recognition protein found in mammals that alerts the body of pathogens

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15
Q

What are the two main types of phagocytic cells in the mammalian body?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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16
Q

Describe the function of neutrophils

A

They circulate the blood and are attracted by the signals of infected tissues - they then ingulf and destroy any infected pathogens

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17
Q

Describe the role of macrophages

A

Big eaters that engulf and destroy pathogens

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18
Q

Where can you find macrophages?

A

Either circulating the blood or residing in organs and tissues where they are most likely to encounter pathogens aka the spleen

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19
Q

Where can you find dendritic cells?

A

Surrounding tissues that have contact with the environment aka skin

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20
Q

Where can we find eosinophils?

A

Surrounding epithelial tissue

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21
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

To defend against multicellular pathogens such as parasites by discharging destructive enzymes

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22
Q

What is the role of natural killer cells?

A

In innate immunity they circulate the body in search of abnormal surface proteins before releasing chemicals that result in cell death

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23
Q

What are interferons?

A

Proteins that provide an innate defence by releasing chemicals that alert normal cells to prevent viral replication therefore limiting cell to cell spread

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24
Q

What version of interferons can some white blood cells secrete?

A

A version that enhances phagocytic cell abilities

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25
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Signalling molecules

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26
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Immune cells that secrete histamine in order to induce an inflammatory response

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27
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Immune white blood cells

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28
Q

Where do lymphocytes originate?

A

From stem cells in bone marrow

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29
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature to T cells?

A

In the thymus

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30
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature to B cells?

A

Bone marrow

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31
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature to natural killer cells?

A

In the blood

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32
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance that initiates an adaptive immune response

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33
Q

What protein allows B and T cells to bind to pathogens?

A

Antigen receptors

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34
Q

How many antigen receptors reside on the B and T cell surface?

A

100,000

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35
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptors

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36
Q

Describe the structure of a B cell antigen receptors

A

Y shaped protein consisting of four polypeptide chains= two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

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37
Q

What links the four chains of B cell antigen receptors

A

Disulphide bridges

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38
Q

Describe the structure of antigen receptors in T cells

A

Two chains - one alpha and one beta

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39
Q

What is the name of the display protein that allows T cells to bind to antigens?

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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40
Q

What is self tolerance in immunity?

A

The way in which B and T cells are able to able to differentiate the normal cells from the antigens

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41
Q

How long is a primary immune response?

A

10-17 days

42
Q

How long is a secondary immune response?

A

2-7 days

43
Q

Where does the humoral response occure?

A

In the blood and lymph

44
Q

What T cell activates the humoral and cell mediated responses?

A

Helper T cell

45
Q

What are the three types of antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells

46
Q

What differentiates a normal body cell from a antigen presenting cell?

A 
Normal cells only have class 1 MHC 
Antigen presenting cells have class 1 and 2 MHC
47
Q

What is the CD4 protein?

A

Found on the surface of helper T cells it allows for helper T cells to bind to antigen presenting cells class 11 MHC

48
Q

What two things allows for the activation of B cells

A

A helper T cell

Proteins on the surface of pathogens

49
Q

How to antibodies prevent infection of cells?

A

Antibodies prevent pathogens or viruses from binding to normal cells

50
Q

What are the five types of immunoglobulin expressed by B cells?

A

IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgG

51
Q

What cells produce immunoglobulin?

A

Plasma cells

52
Q

What B cell antigen receptors is exclusively membrane bound?

A

IgD

53
Q

What is the accessory protein CD8?

A

It allows for cytotoxic cells to bind with MHC

54
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When a pathogen infection of immunisation prompts an immune response

55
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity passed from mother to child

56
Q

Where would you find antibody class IgA

A

Soluble in secretions such as tears, saliva, breast milk and mucous

57
Q

Where would you find antibody class IgG

A

Crossing the placenta from mother to child

58
Q

Where would you find the antibody class IgM

A

First antibody produced in an immune response found on both mature and immature B cells

59
Q

Where would you find class IgE antibodies?

A

In tissues as it is important to allergies and. Parasites

60
Q

Where would you find class IgD antibodies?

A

On the membrane of mature B cells

61
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Both organisms benefit

62
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One benefits; the other is unaffected

63
Q

What is parasitism?

A

One benefits while the other is harmed

64
Q

What do obligate aerobes require for cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen

65
Q

What are obligate anaerobes poisoned by?

A

Oxygen

66
Q

How do prokaryotes metabolise nitrogen?

A

By converting it to ammonia

67
Q

What is a virus?

A

Small nuclei acid genome enclosed in a protein capsid or viral envelope

68
Q

What do viruses use to replicate?

A

Enzymes, ribosomes and small molecules

69
Q

What are phages?

A

Viruses that effect bacteria

70
Q

What two ways can phages replicate?

A

The lyctic cycle and the lysogenic cycle

71
Q

What is a virulent phage?

A

A phage that results in the destruction of the host bacterium via lysis

72
Q

What is lysis?

A

Rupture or the cell membrane = destruction of the cell

73
Q

What is a temperate phage?

A

A phage that can choose between the lytic cycle ie killing the host bacterium of the lysogenic cycle = replicates the host cell

74
Q

What is a prophage?

A

A bacteria that has been overtaken by a phage

75
Q

What phages can undergo the lyctic cycle?

A

Both temperate and virulent

76
Q

What does the lyctic cycle result in?

A

The destruction of the host cell and release of progeny phages

77
Q

What does the lysogenic cycle result in?

A

The overtaking of the bacteria host cell

78
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Widespread outbreak of a disease

79
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

A global outbreak of a disease

80
Q

What was the H1N1 virus?

A

In 2009 a new flu virus was created from pigs, humans and birds causing a pandemic

81
Q

What was the H5N1?

A

Bird flu

82
Q

How do viruses enter plants?

A

Through damaged cell walls - aka horizontal transmission

83
Q

What are prions?

A

Slow acting, indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain disease in mammals

84
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Via binary fission

85
Q

What are fimbrae?

A

Hair like appendages that attach prokaryotes cells to other cells

86
Q

What three techniques can result in genetic diversity of prokaryotes?

A

Transformation, transduction and conjugation

87
Q

What is transduction?

A

When foreign dna is introduced into a cell via a virus

88
Q

What is conjugation?

A

The temporary union of bacterial cells that results in exchanging of DNA

89
Q

What are the four modes of nutrition?

A
  1. Photoautotrophy
  2. Chemoautotrophy
  3. Photoheterotrophy
  4. Chemoheterotrophy
90
Q

What are photoautotrophy?

A

Photoautotrophs are organisms that can make their own energy using light and carbon dioxide via the process of photosynthesis.

91
Q

What are chemoautotrophies?

A

an organism, typically a bacterium, which derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.

92
Q

What are photoheterotrophs?

A

they are organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source.

93
Q

What are chemoheterotrophs?

A

organism which derives its energy from chemicals, and needs to consume other organisms in order to live.

94
Q

What is gram-positive bacteria?

A

Positive result in a gram stain test

95
Q

What colour does gram positive bacteria turn the gram stain?

A

Violet - due to their thick layer of peptidoglycan

96
Q

What colour does gram negative bacteria stain?

A

Pink or red - due to their thick layer of peptidoglycan

97
Q

What are endospores?

A

A strong, resistant bacteria

98
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Process used to heal contaminated media

99
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Endotoxins are compounds found in the cell walls of Gram negative bacteria. These compounds help to form a semi-permeable membrane which is designed to protect bacteria from threats.

100
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

A toxin secreted by bacteria

Biology 1A (9 decks)

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