Chapter 2 - Nutrition, Digestion And Absorption Flashcards
Name vitamin B1, B2,B3
- Thiamine
- Riboflavin
- Niacin
Name vitamins B5, B6, B7
- Pantothenic acid
- Pyridoxine
- Biotin
Name vitamins B9, B12 and vitamin C
- Folic acid
- Cobalamin
C. Ascorbic acid
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E and K
What are the water soluble vitamins?
The B vitamins and Vitamin C
What are vitamins?
Organic molecules that are required in the day in very small amounts
What are minerals?
In organic nutrients required in large amounts in the diet
Can you name the major minerals required in the diet
Calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, chlorine, sodium, magnesium
What are the major functions of calcium in the body?
Bone into formation, blood clotting, nerve and muscle function
What are the major symptoms of calcium deficiency?
Impaired growth, loss of bone
What are the major functions of iron in the body
It is a component of haemoglobin and electron carriers, enzyme cofactor
What are the symptoms of iron defficiency?
Iron deficiency anaemia, weakness, impaired immunity
What is the role of vitamin a and vitamin d?
Vitamin A is Responsible for the maintenance of epithelial tissues and visual pigments
vitamin d is responsible for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus
What is the role of vitamin E and K?
Vitamin E is responsible for preventing damage of cell membranes as it is an Antioxidant
Vitamin K is important in blood clotting
What are the symptoms of deficiency of vitamin A and D
A deficiency of vitamin a can result in blindness skin disorders and impaired immunity
A deficiency of vitamin D can result in rickets
What is the role of vitamin C?
And antioxidant used in collagen synthesis
What are the symptoms of vitamin c deficiency?
Scurvy – degeneration of skinning teeth, delayed wind healing
What are the main rules of B vitamins?
Can you release energy from carbs and fats and catalyse formation of red blood cells
What vitamin deficiency causes beriberi?
Thiamine (vitamin B1) Beriberi results in her coordination and reduced heart function
Which vitamin deficiency results in pellagra?
Niacin, vitamin B3– this results and confusion and delusions
What deficiency results in megaloblastic anaemia?
Folic acid, vitamin B9
What are the four layers of the gut? Resite from top to bottom
Top
- mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscular externa
- Serosa
What is the role of the myenteric plexus and where is it found?
Found in the muscular externa
And is responsible for control of GI motility
What Is the enteric nervous system
Is responsible for all digestive processes
What is the role of the submucous plexus?
It is responsible for setting the environment within the lumen, regulating GI bloodflow, controlling epithelial cell function
What cell and organ secretes bile?
Hepatocytes found in the liver
What do acini cells produce?
Salivary amylase
What is the role of salivary amylase and salivary lipase?
Amylase - breaks down alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Lipase - CONVERTS fats to long chain fatty acids and signals to start fat digestion and also active in stomach
What are gastric ulcers caused by?
Helicobacter pylori
What helps treat stomach ulcers?
Mucous secretions - as they are alkaline
What is the role of oxyntic (parietal cells?)
Acid secretion that activates pepsin
Solubilises calcium and iron
Barrier for microbes
Breaks down connective tissues and muscle fibres
What do chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen
What do pyloric glands secrete?
Mucus, pepsinogen and gastrin
What is the role of pepsinogen?
Is activated my hydrochloride acid to form pepsin
What is the role of pepsin?
Hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins
What is the intrinsic factor and its role?
It is an enzyme responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12
What does the enzyme gastroferrin do?
Helps absorption of iron
What are the exocrine secretions of the pancreas?
Enzymes and alkalis
What are the endocrine secretions of the pancreas?
Insulin and glucagon
How does the endocrine and exocrine secretions of the pancreas move?
Exocrine - acini and duct systems
Endocrine- islets of Langerhans
What converts Trypsinogen to Trypsin?
Enterokinase
What enzyme breaks down carbs?
Amylase
What enzyme breaks down Fats?
Lipase
What are the functions of the liver?
Production of bile, detoxification
, regulation of nutrients and removal of waste
What is released into the duodenum after a meal?
Bile
Why is bile important?
Emulsifiers of fat - helps absorb fats by forming micelles
What are the main functions of the duodenum?
Mixing secretions from pancreas and liver, neutralisation of acid and absorption
What is the role of the Jejunum?
Completing of food breakdown and nutrient absorption
What is the function of the ileum?
Nutrient absorption
What do the goblet cells of the small intestine produce?
Mucus
What do the granular cells of the small intestine produce?
Enzymes
What are the brush border enzymes?
Enzymes that help digest carbs
How is protein digested chemically step by step?
In the stomach it is broken down by pepsin, it is then further broken down by enzymes such as trypsin and finally it is turned into amino acids but the brush border peptidases found in the small intestine and absorbed into the bloodstream
What is the function of the large intestine?
Absorbs water and electrolytes to form poo
Absorption of vitamin K
When blood glucose levels drop below the normal range what promotes the secretion of glucose into the bloodstream?
Glucagon
When blood glucose levels rise above the normal range what happens?
Insulin is secreted to encourage glucose uptake from the blood
