Chapter 1 - Animal Physiology Flashcards
What are the four types of tissues?
- Epithelium
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
What is the role of epithelial tissues?
They are a barrier against mechanical injury
What is the connective tissue matrix made up of?
Jellylike fluid containing three fibres, fibroblasts and macrophages
What are the three types of connective tissue fibres?
- collagen fibres
- Reticular fibres
- Elastin fibres
What is the function of collagen fibres?
To provide strength and flexibility
What is the role of Reticular fibres?
To join connective tissue to adjacent tissue
What is the role of elastic fibres?
To make connective tissue elastic
What are the three types of loose connective tissue?
Aerolar, Adipose and reticular
What is the role of loose connective tissue?
To bind epithelia to underlying tissues and hold organs in place
What is the role of Aerolar tissue?
All nutrients are absorbed into this tissue and all waste is diffused into this tissue
What is the role of adipose tissue?
It stores fact throughout the matrix and insulates the body – this fat is also stored as fuel
What are the three types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular, dense Irregular and elastic ct
Where is dense regular tissue found?
In the tendons and ligaments
Where is dense irregular tissue found?
In the submucosa of the digestive tract
What are the three types of connective tissue that aren’t dense are loose?
Bone, cartilage, blood
What is the strongest type of connective-tissue
Bone
What is the name of cartilage cells?
Chondrocytes
What is the role of cartilage?
It is a strong yet flexible support material
What is the role of muscle tissue?
It is responsible for all types of body movement
What protein filaments allow the muscles to contract?
Actin and myosin
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
What is the role of skeletal muscle?
It is striated and responsible for voluntary movements
Why is skeletal muscle Striated?
This is due to the arrangement of actin and myosin
What is the role of smooth-muscle?
Move muscle lines all internal organs and is responsible for in voluntary body activities such as training of the stomach and Restriction of arteries
What is the role of cardiac muscle?
As the name suggests this is found in the walls of the heart illustrated like the skeletal muscle and has similar contractile properties however unlike the skeletal muscle this is able to send signals from cell to cell and help synchronise heart contraction
What is the function of nervous tissue?
It is the receipt processing and transmission of information
What are neurons?
Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system. Another receives nerve impulses from other neurons via Excel body and multiple extensions
What is it a Glia?
They help nourish, insolate and replenish neurons
What is the endocrine system?
A series of glands that produce and secrete hormones that control bodily functions
What is the regulator and the conformer?
An animal that is a regulator is able to control its internal environment temperature whereas A conformer changes its temperature in accordance with its outside environment
What is homoeostasis?
Maintenance of an internal balance “steady-state”
What is negative feedback?
Negative feedback works to reduce the output
What is positive feedback?
This is responsible for an amplification of change or output
What are circadian rhythms?
These are physical, mental and behavioural changes that follow a 24 hour limit
What is Thermo regulation?
The way in which an animal maintains its internal temperature
What are endothermic animals?
Animals are heated by heat generated from their metabolism
What are ectothermic animals?
Animals there are heated by external sources
What is countercurrent exchange?
The passing of heat energy from one body to another
What is the hypothalamus and its role?
Part of the brain responsible for internal temperature maintenance
What defines an animals metabolic rate?
The total amount of energy used in a unit of time
What is torpor?
A state of decreased activity and metabolism during environmental extremes, this conserves energy (hibernation)
What are fibroblasts?
Cells that secrete both matrix and protein fibres
What can a loss of cartilage (Chondroid tin sulphate) result in?
Osteo arthritis
What is bone made up of?
A mineralised matrix of collagen fibres impregnated by salts , eg calcium phosphate
Describe the cause of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis is a gin degenerative disease attacks the central nervous system to be more specific the myelin sheath cover the axon
