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intro to psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

simple stimulation of a sense organ; basic registration of light , sound, pressure, odor, or taste as parts of your body interact with the physical world.

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2
Q

Perception

A

the organization, identification, and interpretation of as sensation in order to form a mental representation.

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3
Q

Sensation and Perception are-

A

Actual components you experience; but are 2 distinct tests that work together for an experience.

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4
Q

How do sensory receptors communicate through the brain?

A

Transduction

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5
Q

Transduction (where does it happen ?)

A
  • occurs when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system.
  • the eyes and ears
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6
Q

3 basic Tasks of Sensation and Perception ?

A
  • Translate incoming info into neural impulses
  • identify message components
  • produce a stable interpretation
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7
Q

The human perceptual system is better at detecting __ in stimulation than the simple onset or offset of stimulation.

A
  • changes
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8
Q

JND ( just noticeable difference)

A
  • the smallest amount of change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected.
  • Is CONSTANT
  • not a fixed quantity
  • proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.
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9
Q

JND was noticed by __

A
  • Ernst Weber
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10
Q

What is “Weber’s law” ?

A
  • The just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity.
  • Noticeable difference is the proportion of the size of the standard.
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11
Q

Example of “Weber’s law”?

A
  • if you picked up a 1 ounce envelope and a 2 ounce after, you would notice the difference between them. But if you picked up a 20 pound package- then a 20-pound 1 ounce package, you’d detect no difference at all between them.
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12
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A
  • Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions.
  • responds more strongly to changes in stimulation more so than constant
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13
Q

Light waves vary in…

A
  • height and wavelengths.
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14
Q

3 physical properties of light waves

A
  • Length ( determines what colors we see )
  • Amplitude (how hight the peaks are, determines what we perceive as brightness)
  • Purity (number of distinct wavelengths that make up light/ determines saturation or richness of the colors.)
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15
Q

light

A

translated to neural impulse where transduction happens.

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16
Q

Cornea

A
  • Outer covering of the eye (light gray) (protective covering)
  • clear smooth outer tissue where light first passes through
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17
Q

Pupil

A
  • dark center of the eye (dilates to let light in) (or constricts to keep light out)
  • hole in the colored part of the eye
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18
Q

iris

A
  • colored part of the eye. (donut shaped muscle) ( controls constriction or dilation of the pupil)
  • controls the amount of light that can enter your eye.
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19
Q

lens

A
  • (green portion) if you have vision problems this is where it comes from. uses [accommodation]
20
Q

accommodation

A
  • process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina
  • lens changes shape to focus nearby or faraway objects on the retina
21
Q

retina

A
  • light sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball
  • where transduction happens
  • light is translated into that neural impulse
  • made up of “rods and cones”
22
Q

myopia

A
  • nearsightedness

- condition where eyeball is too long and images are focused in front of the retina

23
Q

hyperopia

A
  • farsightedness

- if eyeball is too short , images are focused behind the retina

24
Q

2 types of photoreceptor cells

A
  • rods

- cones

25
Q

cones

A

-detect color , operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail.

26
Q

Rods

A
  • become active under low-light conditions for night vision

- much more sensitive than cones

27
Q

fovea

A

-an area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all.

28
Q

similarity

A
  • Regions that are similar in color, lightness, shape, or texture are perceived as belonging to the same object.
29
Q

closure

A
  • we tend to fill in missing elements of a visual scene, allowing us to perceive edges that are separated by gaps as belonging to complete objects.
30
Q

continuation

A
  • when edges or contours have the same orientation, we tend to group them together perceptually.
31
Q

frequency (wavelength of the ear)

A
  • how often the peak in air pressure passes the ear or a microphone , measured in cycles per second (Hertz Hz)
  • perceived by humans as changes in (pitch)
32
Q

Pitch

A
  • how high or low a sound is

- changes in the physical frequency of a sound wave are perceived

33
Q

amplitude (sound wave of the ear)

A
  • refers to it’s height, relative to the threshold for human hearing
  • corresponds to loudness
  • ex.) sound of leaves rustling in the breeze
34
Q

loudness

A
  • corresponds to amplitude

- sound’s intensity

35
Q

complexity (sound waves of the ear)

A
  • mix of frequencies

- corresponds to timbre

36
Q

timbre

A
  • listener’s experience of sound quality or resonance
  • offers us information about the nature of sound.
  • same note played at the same loudness produces a perceptually different experience depending on whether out was played on a flute versus a trumpet
37
Q

Pinna of the ear

A

-airtight flap of skin that vibrates in response to sound waves gathered by the pinna and channeled through the canal

38
Q

Cochlea

A
  • a fluid filled tube that is the organ of (auditory transduction)
39
Q

basilar membrane

A
  • structure in the inner ear that undulated when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid.
40
Q

Haptic perception

A

active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands.

41
Q

Touch

A
  • mechanical energy
  • different locations on the body project sensory signals to different locations in the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.
  • has a powerful effect on our decisions and judgments.
42
Q

Smell / Olfaction

A
  • least understood sense
  • only one directly connected to the forebrain with pathways into the frontal lobe, amygdala , and other forebrain structures.
  • smell has a close relationship with emotional and social behavior.
  • Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell
43
Q

Taste / gustation

A
  • hundreds of taste buds
  • organ of taste transduction
  • 5,000 to 10,000 taste buds fairly evenly distributed over the tongue, roof of the mouth , and upper throat.
44
Q

pain

A
  • fast acting (A) delta fibers transmit initial sharp pain one might feel right away from a sudden injury
  • (C) fibers transmit longer-lasting, duller pain that persitis after initial injury.
  • if (A) and (C) delta fibers are impaired in cases of congenital insensitivity to pain, that can be life threatening.
45
Q

PAG ( periaqueductal gray)

A
  • under high stress, naturally occurring endorphins can activate the PAG to send inhibitory signals to neurons in the spinal cord that then suppress pain signals to the brain
  • activated through the action of opiate drugs, such as morphine.
46
Q

absolute threshold

A
  • the minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of the trials.
  • it’s a boundary between awareness and unawareness.

intro to psychology (6 decks)

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