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General Chemistry 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a combustion reaction?

A

Is a particular type of a chemical reaction of hydrogen with oxygen

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2
Q

What is a chemical equation?

A

A representation of a chemical reaction

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3
Q

What are reactants?

A

The substances in the left side of the equation

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4
Q

What are products?

A

The substances on the right side are called products

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5
Q

How do you write a chemical equation?

A
  1. Produce a skeletal equation
  2. Balance atoms in more complex substances first
  3. Balance free elements
  4. Check the balance of all atoms
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6
Q

Wha is a solution?

A

A homogeneous mixture of two substances such as salt and water

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7
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The major component of a solution, usually the liquid part

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8
Q

What is a solute?

A

The minority of a solution, most likely the solid part of the solution

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9
Q

What is a solute solvent interaction?

A

When a solid is put into a solvent, the interactions between solvent and solute particles compete with the interactions among the solute particles themselves

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10
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Substances that dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct electricity are electrolytes

A salt solution will conduct electricity (NaCl)

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11
Q

What are strong electrolytes?

A

Substances such as sodium chloride that completely dissociate into ions when they dissolve in water are strong electrolytes

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12
Q

Ionic compounds form what?

A

Ionic compounds dissociate in water and can conduct electricity so they form electrolytes in water

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13
Q

What are non-electrolytes?

A

Compounds such as aura that do not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water are nonelextrolytes and the resulting solutions (non electrolyte solutions) do not conduct electricity

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14
Q

Acids are what?

A

Acids are molecular compounds but they do ionize and form ions when they dissolve in water

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15
Q

What is a strong acid?

A

An acid that completely ionizes in solutions

Since they completely ionize, they are strong electrolytes

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16
Q

What is a weak acid?

A

Acids that do not completely ionize in water
Composed mostly of the nonionized form of the acid molecules
ie.) acetic acid

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17
Q

What are weak electrolytes?

A

Weak acids are classified as weak electrolytes and the resulting solution (weak electrolyte solutions) conduct electricity only weakly

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18
Q

What does soluble mean?

A

A compound that dissolves in water

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19
Q

What does insoluble mean?

A

A compound that does not dissolve in water

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20
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A process in which one or more substances are converted into one or more different ones

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21
Q

what are the general solubility rules for ionic compounds in water?

A
  1. All salts containing cations of group 1 metals (alkali metals, Li+ , Na+ , K+ , etc.) and ammonium ions (NH4 ) are soluble.
  2. All nitrates (NO3–) , ethanoates (acetates, CH3COO– ), chlorates (ClO3–), and perclorates (ClO4–) are soluble.
  3. Salts containing Ag+ , Pb2+, and Hg22+ are insoluble
  4. Most chlorides (Cl–) , bromides (Br–) , and iodides (I–) are soluble.
  5. Sulfates (SO42–) are soluble, except those containing Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+
  6. Carbonates (CO32–) , hydroxides (OH–), oxides (O2–) , phosphates (PO43–) , and sulfides (S2–) are generally insoluble
22
Q

what is a precipitate reaction?

A

ones in which a solid or a precipitate forms

23
Q

what is a precipitate?

A

a solid, an insoluble ionic compound that forms, separate from the solution

24
Q

what is a molecular equation?

A

an equation showing the complete neutral formula for each compound in a reaction

25
Q

what is a complete ionic equation?

A

an equation which lists individually all of the ions present as either reactants or products in a chemical reaction

26
Q

what are spectator ions?

A

ions in a complete ionic equation that do not participate in the reaction and therefore remain in the solution

27
Q

what is a net ionic equation?

A

an equation that shows only the species that change during the reaction

28
Q

what is an acid-base reaction (neutralization reaction)?

A

a reaction in which an acid and a base react, neutralizing each other, producing water and a salt

29
Q

what is the Arrhenius definition of an acid?

A

substances that produce H+ ions in an aqueous solution

H+ is a bare proton, bare protons associate with water molecules to form hydronium ions

30
Q

what is the Arrhenius definition of a base?

A

substances that produce OH- ions in an aqueous solution

31
Q

what are hydronium ions?

A

the ion formed from the association of a water molecule with an H+ ion donated by an acid

32
Q

what is a polyprotic acid?

A

an acid that contains more than one ionizable proton and releases them sequentially

33
Q

what is a diprotic acid?

A

an acid that contains two ionizable protons

34
Q

what is a gas-evolution reaction?

A

a reaction in which two aqueous solutions are mixed and a gas forms, resulting in bubbling

35
Q

what is an oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction)?

A

reactions in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another and the oxidation states of certain atoms are charged

36
Q

what does oxidation mean?

A

the loss of one or more electrons; also the gaining of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen

37
Q

what does reduction mean?

A

the gaining of one or more electrons; also the gaining of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen

38
Q

what is an oxidation state?

A

a positive or negative, whole number that represents the “change” an atom in a compound would have if all all shared electrons were assigned to the atom with a greater attraction for those electrons

39
Q

what are the rules for assigning oxidation states?

A
  1. The oxidation state of each atom in an element is 0.
  2. The oxidation state of the atom in a monoatomic ion is equal to the ion’s charge.
  3. The sum of the oxidation states of all atoms in: A neutral molecule is always zero, a polyatomic ion is always equal to the charge of the ion
  4. In their compounds, metals have positive oxidation states: Group 1 metals always have an oxidation state of + 1, Group 2 metals always have an oxidation state of + 2
  5. The oxidation state of hydrogen in a compound is usually + 1
  6. Nonmetals are assigned oxidation states according to the table on the next slide. Entries at top of table take precedence over those lower down
40
Q

what are the rules for assigning oxidations states to nonmetals?

A

a) Fluorine always has an oxidation state of - 1 b)The other group 17 elements usually have an oxidation state of - 1
c) Oxygen usually has an oxidation state of -2
d) The other group 16 elements usually have an oxidation state of - 2
e) Group 15 elements usually have an oxidation number of - 3

41
Q

what is an oxidizing agent?

A

a substance that causes the oxidation of another substance

an oxidizing agent gains electrons and is reduced

42
Q

what is a reducing agent?

A

a substance that cause the reduction of another substance

a reducing agent losses electrons and is oxidized

43
Q

what is stoichiometry?

A

The numerical relationships between reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation

44
Q

what is a limiting reactant?

A

the reactants that has the smallest stoichiometric amount in a reactant mixture and consequently limits the amount of product in a chemical reaction

45
Q

what is a theoretical yield?

A

The greatest possible amount of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of the limiting reactant

46
Q

what is the formula for percent yield?

A

% yield = actual yield/ theoretical yield x 100%

47
Q

what is molarity?

A

A means of expressing solution concentration as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution

48
Q

what are stock solutions?

A

a highly concentrated form of a solution used in laboratories to make less concentrated solutions via dilution

49
Q

what are concentrate solutions?

A

a solution that contains a large amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent

50
Q

what is a diluted solution?

A

a solution that contains a very small amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent
M1V1 = M2V2

General Chemistry 1 (11 decks)

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