Chapter 10

Question 1

What is VSEPR theory ( Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion)?

Answer 1

a theory that allows prediction of the shape of molecules based on the idea that electrons either as lone pairs or as bonding pairs repel one another

Question 2

what are electron groups?

Answer 2

A general term for lone pairs, single bonds, multiple bonds, or lone electrons in a molecule

Question 3

two electron groups is considered?

Answer 3

linear geometry: which is the molecular geometry of three atoms with a 180degree bond angle due to the repulsion of two electron groups

Question 4

three electron groups is considered?

Answer 4

trigonal planar geometry: which is the geometry of four atoms with a 120degree bonding angles in a plane

Question 5

four electron groups is considered?

Answer 5

tetrahedral geometry: which is the molecular geometry of five bonded atoms with a 109.5degree bonding angles

Question 6

five electron groups is considered?

Answer 6

trigonal bi-pyramidal geometry: The molecular geometry of six atoms with 120degree angles between the three equilateral electron groups and 90degree angles between the two axial electron groups and the trigonal plane

Question 7

six electron groups is considered?

Answer 7

octahedral geometry: which is the molecular geometry of seven atoms with 90degree bonding angles

Question 8

what is electron geometry?

Answer 8

The geometrical arrangement of electron groups in a molecule

Question 9

what is molecular geometry?

Answer 9

the geometrical arrangements of atoms in a molecule

Question 10

four electron groups with one lone pair is considered?

Answer 10

trigonal pyramidal geometry: which is the molecular geometry of a molecule with a tetrahedral electron geometry and one lone pair

Question 11

four electron groups with two lone pairs is considered?

Answer 11

bent geometry: which is the molecular geometry of a molecule with a tetrahedral electron geometry and a molecular geometry where the bond angle is less than 180degrees

Question 12

five electron groups with one lone pair is considered?

Answer 12

seesaw geometry: which is the molecular geometry of a molecule with a trigonal bi-pyramidal electron geometry and one lone pair in axial position

Question 13

five electrons with two lone pairs is considered?

Answer 13

T-shaped geometry: which is the molecular geometry of a molecule with a trigonal bi-pyramidal electron geometry and two lone pairs in axial position

Question 14

six electron groups with one lone pair is considered?

Answer 14

square pyramidal geometry: which is the molecular geometry of a molecule with an octahedral electron geometry and one lone pair
bonding angle =

Question 15

six electron groups with two lone pairs is considered?

Answer 15

square planar geometry: which is the molecular geometry of a molecule with an octahedral electron geometry and two lone pairs
bonding angle = 90 degrees

Question 16

representing molecular geometries on paper summarization?

Answer 16

1. straight line = bond in plane of paper
2. hashed wedge = bond going into page
3. solid wedge = bond coming out of page

Question 17

Common cases of dipole moments and whether a molecule is polar or not?

Answer 17

1. tetrahedral = non-polar
2. trigonal planar = non-polar
3. trigonal pyramidal = polar

Question 18

what is the valence bond theory?

Answer 18

an advanced model of chemical bonding in which electrons reside in quantum mechanical orbitals localized on individual atoms that are a hybridized blend of standard atomic orbitals: chemical bonds result from an overlap of these orbitals

Question 19

what is hybridization?

Answer 19

a mathematical procedure in which standard atomic orbitals are combined to form new hybrid orbitals

Question 20

what are hybrid atomic orbitals (hybrid orbitals)?

Answer 20

orbitals formed from the combination of standard atomic orbitals that correspond more closely to the actual distribution of electrons in a chemically bonded atom

Question 21

what is sp3 hybridization?

Answer 21

we can account for the tetrahedral geometry of CH4 by the hybridization of the one 2s orbital and the three 2p orbitals on the carbon atom. The four new p orbitals that result are called sp3 hybridization

2s^2,2p^2 -> 2p^4

Question 22

what are sp2 hybridizations?

Answer 22

the hybridization of just one s and two p orbitals results in three sp2 hybrids and one left over un-hybridized p orbital

2s^2,2p^2 -> 2p^3

Question 23

what is a pi bond?

Answer 23

the bond that forms between two p orbitals that overlap side to side

Question 24

what is a sigma bond?

Answer 24

The resulting bond that forms between a combination of any two s,p, or hybridized orbitals that overlap end to end

Question 25

what is sp hybridization?

Answer 25

The hybridization of one s and one p orbital resulting in two sp orbitals and two leftover un-hybridized p orbitals, arranges in linear geometry = 180degree bonding angles

2s^2, 2p^2 -> 2p^2

Question 26

what is molecular orbital theory?

Answer 26

an advanced model of chemical bonding in which electrons reside in molecular orbitals delocalized over the entire molecule.
In the simplest version, the molecular orbitals are simple linear combinations of atomic orbitals

Question 27

what is a bonding orbital?

Answer 27

a molecular orbital that is lower in energy than any of the atomic orbitals from which it was formed

Question 28

what is an antibonding orbital?

Answer 28

a molecular orbital that is higher in energy than any of the atomic orbitals from which it was formed

Question 29

what is bond order?

Answer 29

for a molecule, the number of electrons in bonding orbitals minus the number of electrons in nonbonding orbitals divided by two: a positive bond order implies that the molecule is stable

Bond order = (#of electrons in bonding - #of electrons in nonbonding) / 2

Question 30

what are nonbonding orbitals?

Answer 30

an orbital whose electrons remain localized on an atom