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General Chemistry 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A water compound can have what?

A

Water molecules have a fixed ratio of hydrogen (2 atoms) to oxygen (1 atom)

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2
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

Are the result of interactions between the charge particles ( electrons and protons) that are compose atoms

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3
Q

What are different types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic bonds and covalent bonds

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4
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces.

A metal loses an electron + a nonmetal gains an electron = ionic compound

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5
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When nonmetals bond with other nonmetals but don’t transfer electrons, instead they share some of their electrons

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6
Q

Covalent bonds form what kind of compound?

A

They form a molecular compound

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7
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

Gives the relative number of atoms for each element in a compound

HO

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8
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

Gives the actual number of atoms for each element in a molecule of a compound

H2O2

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9
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

Uses lines to represent bonds and shows how atoms are connected in a molecule

H / O \ O / H

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10
Q

What is an atomic element ?

A

Are those that exist in nature with single atoms in their basic units.

Most elements fall into this category

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11
Q

What is a molecular element?

A

Do not normally exist in nature with single atoms in their basic units. Instead these elements exist as molecules, with two or more atoms of the same element bonded together

Diatomic atoms fall in this category:
HOFBrINCl

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12
Q

What are molecular compounds?

A

Usually composed of two or more covalently bonded nonmetals

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13
Q

What are ionic compounds?

A

Are composed of cations(usually a metal) and anions (usually one or more nonmetals) bound together by ionic bonds

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14
Q

What is a formula unit?

A

The smallest electrically neutral collection of ions. The basic unit of an ionic compound

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15
Q

What does a common name for a compound mean?

A

May not convey unambiguous information about the composition of a compound

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16
Q

What does a systematic name for a compound mean?

A

He first system for chemical nomenclature

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17
Q

Summarize an ionic compound?

A
  • ionic compounds contain cations(+) and anions(-)
  • sum of cation charge = sum of anion charge
  • formula is in the smallest-whole number ratio
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18
Q

How do you name an ionic compound?

A
  1. Name the cation
  2. Followed by the name of the anion
  3. Followed by the suffix -ide)
  4. Use Roman numerals to indicate the charge on the anion given by the cation
    Ex: iron (|||) chloride
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19
Q

What is ammonium?

A

NH4+ polyatomic ion

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20
Q

What is acetate?

A

CH3CO2- polyatomic ion

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21
Q

What is carbonate?

A

CO3-2 polyatomic ion

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22
Q

What is hydrogen carbonate?

A

HCO3- polyatomic ion

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23
Q

What is hydroxide?

A

OH- polyatomic ion

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24
Q

What is nitrite?

A

NO2- polyatomic ion

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25
What is nitrate?
NO3- polyatomic ion
26
What is chromate?
CrO4-2 polyatomic ion
27
What is dichromate?
Cr2O7-2 polyatomic ions
28
What is phosphate?
PO4-3 polyatomic ion
29
What is hydrogen phosphate?
HPO3-2 polyatomic ion
30
What is dihydrogen phosphate?
H2PO4- polyatomic ion
31
What is hypochlorite?
ClO- polyatomic ion
32
What is chlorite?
ClO2- polyatomic ion
33
What is chlorate?
ClO3- polyatomic ion
34
What is perchlorate?
ClO4- polyatomic ion
35
What is permanganate?
MnO4- polyatomic ion
36
What is Sulfite?
SO3-2 polyatomic ion
37
What is hydrogen Sulfite?
HSO4- polyatomic ion
38
What is sulfate?
SO4-2 polyatomic ion
39
What is hydrogen sulfate?
HSO4- polyatomic ion
40
What is cyanide?
CN- polyatomic ion
41
What are hydrated ionic compounds?
Some ionic compounds contain a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula unit
42
What does hydrate mean?
The water containing component of a hydrated ionic compound
43
What does anhydrous mean?
The component of a hydrated ionic compound that does not contain water
44
What are common hydrate prefixes?
``` Hemi = 1/2 Mono = 1 Di = 2 Tri = 3 Tetra = 4 Penta = 5 Hexa = 6 Hepta = 7 Octa = 8 ```
45
How do you name a hydrated ionic compound?
1. Add the anhydrous name 2. Multiplied by the hydrate name with the common hydrate prefix infront CaSO4.1/2H2O = calcium sulfate hemihydrate
46
How do you name molecular compounds?
1. Add the prefix of the first nonmetal infront of the first metal name 2. Then add the prefix of the second nonmetal infront of the second metal name
47
What are the two different types of acids that exist?
Binary acids and Oxyacids
48
What is a binary acid?
Contains only two elements
49
What is an Oxyacid?
Contains oxygen
50
How do you name a binary acid?
1. Add hydro infront of base name of the nonmetal 2. Change the ending of the nonmetal name from ide- ic 3. Finally add acid to the end
51
How do you name oxyacids(polyatomic acids)?
Oxyacids ending in -ate: 1. Change the ending from ATE to IC 2. Add acid to the end Ex: I ATE a sandwich and it was ICky Oxyacids ending in -ite: 1. Change the ending from ITE to OUS 2. Add acid to the end Ex: I took a bITE of an apple and it was deliciOUS
52
What is formula mass?
The average mass of a molecule (or formula unit) of a compound
53
How do you solve for formula mass?
Formula mass = (#of atoms of 1st element•atomic mass of 1st element) + (#of atoms of 2nd element•atomic mass of 2nd element)....
54
What is the molar mass of a compound?
Mass in grams of one mile of a substance is numerically equivalent to its formula mass
55
How do you convert moles to molecules and vice versa
Moles of atom • avegadro's # = molecules Molecules / avegadro's # = moles
56
What is mass percent composition?
%X = mass of element X in 1 mol of compound / mass of 1 mile of compound • 100%
57
Calculating molecular formula for compounds?
Molecular formula = empirical formula Xn n = molar mass / empirical formula molar mass
58
What is a combustion analysis apparatus?
The sample to be analyzed is placed in a furnace and burned in oxygen. The water and carbon dioxide produced are absorbed into separate containers and weighed
59
A hydrogen and oxygen mixture can have what?
Can have any ratio of hydrogen to oxygen within the compound
60
What does paramagnetic mean?
Application of an external magnetic field, to a substance with UNPAIRED electrons spins causes the random orientation of unpaired electrons spins to become aligned with the external field and form a slight attraction to the external field
61
What does diamagnetic mean?
Application of an external magnetic field to a substance whose electrons spins are all PAIRED causes a change in the magnetic moment that results in a magnetic field opposite to the external field, and a slight repulsion to the external field
62
What is electron affinity?
The energy released when an electro is added to the gaseous atom Sometimes the anion formed upon addition of the electron is not stable and the electron affinity Can be negative It is related to an atoms position on the periodic table

General Chemistry 1 (11 decks)

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