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General Chemistry 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

A water compound can have what?

A

Water molecules have a fixed ratio of hydrogen (2 atoms) to oxygen (1 atom)

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2
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

Are the result of interactions between the charge particles ( electrons and protons) that are compose atoms

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3
Q

What are different types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic bonds and covalent bonds

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4
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces.

A metal loses an electron + a nonmetal gains an electron = ionic compound

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5
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When nonmetals bond with other nonmetals but don’t transfer electrons, instead they share some of their electrons

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6
Q

Covalent bonds form what kind of compound?

A

They form a molecular compound

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7
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

Gives the relative number of atoms for each element in a compound

HO

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8
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

Gives the actual number of atoms for each element in a molecule of a compound

H2O2

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9
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

Uses lines to represent bonds and shows how atoms are connected in a molecule

H / O \ O / H

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10
Q

What is an atomic element ?

A

Are those that exist in nature with single atoms in their basic units.

Most elements fall into this category

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11
Q

What is a molecular element?

A

Do not normally exist in nature with single atoms in their basic units. Instead these elements exist as molecules, with two or more atoms of the same element bonded together

Diatomic atoms fall in this category:
HOFBrINCl

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12
Q

What are molecular compounds?

A

Usually composed of two or more covalently bonded nonmetals

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13
Q

What are ionic compounds?

A

Are composed of cations(usually a metal) and anions (usually one or more nonmetals) bound together by ionic bonds

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14
Q

What is a formula unit?

A

The smallest electrically neutral collection of ions. The basic unit of an ionic compound

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15
Q

What does a common name for a compound mean?

A

May not convey unambiguous information about the composition of a compound

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16
Q

What does a systematic name for a compound mean?

A

He first system for chemical nomenclature

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17
Q

Summarize an ionic compound?

A
  • ionic compounds contain cations(+) and anions(-)
  • sum of cation charge = sum of anion charge
  • formula is in the smallest-whole number ratio
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18
Q

How do you name an ionic compound?

A
  1. Name the cation
  2. Followed by the name of the anion
  3. Followed by the suffix -ide)
  4. Use Roman numerals to indicate the charge on the anion given by the cation
    Ex: iron (|||) chloride
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19
Q

What is ammonium?

A

NH4+ polyatomic ion

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20
Q

What is acetate?

A

CH3CO2- polyatomic ion

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21
Q

What is carbonate?

A

CO3-2 polyatomic ion

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22
Q

What is hydrogen carbonate?

A

HCO3- polyatomic ion

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23
Q

What is hydroxide?

A

OH- polyatomic ion

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24
Q

What is nitrite?

A

NO2- polyatomic ion

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25
Q

What is nitrate?

A

NO3- polyatomic ion

26
Q

What is chromate?

A

CrO4-2 polyatomic ion

27
Q

What is dichromate?

A

Cr2O7-2 polyatomic ions

28
Q

What is phosphate?

A

PO4-3 polyatomic ion

29
Q

What is hydrogen phosphate?

A

HPO3-2 polyatomic ion

30
Q

What is dihydrogen phosphate?

A

H2PO4- polyatomic ion

31
Q

What is hypochlorite?

A

ClO- polyatomic ion

32
Q

What is chlorite?

A

ClO2- polyatomic ion

33
Q

What is chlorate?

A

ClO3- polyatomic ion

34
Q

What is perchlorate?

A

ClO4- polyatomic ion

35
Q

What is permanganate?

A

MnO4- polyatomic ion

36
Q

What is Sulfite?

A

SO3-2 polyatomic ion

37
Q

What is hydrogen Sulfite?

A

HSO4- polyatomic ion

38
Q

What is sulfate?

A

SO4-2 polyatomic ion

39
Q

What is hydrogen sulfate?

A

HSO4- polyatomic ion

40
Q

What is cyanide?

A

CN- polyatomic ion

41
Q

What are hydrated ionic compounds?

A

Some ionic compounds contain a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula unit

42
Q

What does hydrate mean?

A

The water containing component of a hydrated ionic compound

43
Q

What does anhydrous mean?

A

The component of a hydrated ionic compound that does not contain water

44
Q

What are common hydrate prefixes?

A 
Hemi = 1/2
Mono = 1
Di = 2
Tri = 3
Tetra = 4 
Penta = 5 
Hexa = 6 
Hepta = 7
Octa = 8
45
Q

How do you name a hydrated ionic compound?

A
  1. Add the anhydrous name
  2. Multiplied by the hydrate name with the common hydrate prefix infront

CaSO4.1/2H2O = calcium sulfate hemihydrate

46
Q

How do you name molecular compounds?

A
  1. Add the prefix of the first nonmetal infront of the first metal name
  2. Then add the prefix of the second nonmetal infront of the second metal name
47
Q

What are the two different types of acids that exist?

A

Binary acids and Oxyacids

48
Q

What is a binary acid?

A

Contains only two elements

49
Q

What is an Oxyacid?

A

Contains oxygen

50
Q

How do you name a binary acid?

A
  1. Add hydro infront of base name of the nonmetal
  2. Change the ending of the nonmetal name from ide- ic
  3. Finally add acid to the end
51
Q

How do you name oxyacids(polyatomic acids)?

A

Oxyacids ending in -ate:

  1. Change the ending from ATE to IC
  2. Add acid to the end

Ex: I ATE a sandwich and it was ICky

Oxyacids ending in -ite:

  1. Change the ending from ITE to OUS
  2. Add acid to the end

Ex: I took a bITE of an apple and it was deliciOUS

52
Q

What is formula mass?

A

The average mass of a molecule (or formula unit) of a compound

53
Q

How do you solve for formula mass?

A

Formula mass = (#of atoms of 1st element•atomic mass of 1st element) + (#of atoms of 2nd element•atomic mass of 2nd element)….

54
Q

What is the molar mass of a compound?

A

Mass in grams of one mile of a substance is numerically equivalent to its formula mass

55
Q

How do you convert moles to molecules and vice versa

A

Moles of atom • avegadro’s # = molecules

Molecules / avegadro’s # = moles

56
Q

What is mass percent composition?

A

%X = mass of element X in 1 mol of compound / mass of 1 mile of compound • 100%

57
Q

Calculating molecular formula for compounds?

A

Molecular formula = empirical formula Xn

n = molar mass / empirical formula molar mass

58
Q

What is a combustion analysis apparatus?

A

The sample to be analyzed is placed in a furnace and burned in oxygen. The water and carbon dioxide produced are absorbed into separate containers and weighed

59
Q

A hydrogen and oxygen mixture can have what?

A

Can have any ratio of hydrogen to oxygen within the compound

60
Q

What does paramagnetic mean?

A

Application of an external magnetic field, to a substance with UNPAIRED electrons spins causes the random orientation of unpaired electrons spins to become aligned with the external field and form a slight attraction to the external field

61
Q

What does diamagnetic mean?

A

Application of an external magnetic field to a substance whose electrons spins are all PAIRED causes a change in the magnetic moment that results in a magnetic field opposite to the external field, and a slight repulsion to the external field

62
Q

What is electron affinity?

A

The energy released when an electro is added to the gaseous atom

Sometimes the anion formed upon addition of the electron is not stable and the electron affinity Can be negative

It is related to an atoms position on the periodic table

General Chemistry 1 (11 decks)

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