Chapter 4

Question 0

Characteristics of physical evidence that are common to a group of objects or persons are termed:
An individual identification cannot be made because there is a possibility of more than one source for the evidence.

Answer 0

Class Characteristics

Question 1

This type of evidence can be identified, with s high degree of probability, as originating with a particular person or source.

Answer 1

Evidence with Individual Characteristics

Question 2

What are the three types of unknown or questioned samples?

Answer 2

1) recovered crime scene sample whose source is in question
2) questioned evidence that may been transferred to an offender during the commission of a crime and been taken away by him or her.
3) evidence from an unknown or questioned source that can be used to link multiple offenses

Question 3

What are the three types of known samples?

Answer 3

1) standard or reference sample
2) control or blank sample
3) elimination sample

Question 4

This type of sample is taken from a source known to have had lawful access to the crime scene (such as a police officer, medical technician, or occupant):

Answer 4

Elimination Sample

Question 5

By comparing these three characteristics soil examination can determine whether soils share a common origin.

Answer 5

1) Color
2) Texture
3) Composition

Question 6

Footwear prints are formed when the soles of footwear, soles of feet, and tires are contaminated with foreign matter such as blood or dust and leave a print on a firm base, such as a floor, a chair, paper, or cloth. Such prints are called:

Answer 6

Residue Prints

Question 7

These are several methods by which footwear prints can be recovered. The best approach is to:

Answer 7

Send the original evidence to the lab

Question 8

DENTAL STONE or die stone-for example, Traxtone-is the most used casting medium because of its:

Answer 8

1) Greater strength
2) Quicker setting time
3) and ease of use,
4) cleaning casts made doesn’t result in any loss of detail,
5) provide more detailed impressions

Question 9

The first step in casting is:

Answer 9

The preparation of the impression

Question 10

Dental stone sets fairly rapidly. Die stone sets up quicker, in how many minutes:

Answer 10

12 to 15 minutes

Question 11

If there is standing water in the impression, the following steps should be taken:

Answer 11

1) place a casting frame around the impression so that a cast 2 inches deep can be made;
2) gently sift dental stone that has not been mixed with water directly into the impression to a depth of about 1 inch
3) add enough dental stone to form a second 1-inch layer, and
4) allow the cast to set in place for at least one hour

Question 12

Paint is transferred as fresh smears, dried chips, or chalking from old, dry paint. Cases in which such transfers commonly occur include:

Answer 12

1) Burglaries

2) Hit and Run Accidents

Question 13

Laboratory examination of glass evidence may be able to determine:

Answer 13

1) The type of glass, such as tempered or container
2) The direction of force used to break the glass
3) The direction and sequence of shots fired through closed glass window
4) Similarity between evidence glass and standards
5) A fracture physical match, establishing that the pieces were formally joined

Question 14

Glass is important as physically evidence because:

Answer 14

It is so common

Question 15

Fibers are of greater value as evidence than are rootless hairs because they incorporate such variables as: (8)

Answer 15

1) material type
2) number of fibers per strand
3) number of strand
4) thickness of fibers and strand
5) amount and direction of twists
6) dye content
7) type of weave
8) the possible presence of foreign matter embedded in them

Question 16

Both fibers and cloth fragments should be packaged in a ____________
or in ______________that is taped shut?

Answer 16

Pillbox or in folded paper

Question 17

String cord, tape and rope evidence is usually found in:

Answer 17

1) robbery
2) murder
3) rape
4) kidnapping

Less frequently it is found in:

1) Accidental hangings by children
2) Accidental sexual asphyxiations

Question 18

A fingerprint is a replica of the friction ridges that touched the surface on which the print was found. These ridge characteristics are also called:

Answer 18

Minutiae

Question 19

There are three broad categories of latent fingerprints: (3)

Answer 19

1) Plastic prints
2) Patent/contaminated/visible prints
3) Latent/invisible prints

Question 20

PLASTIC PRINTS are created when fingers touch material such as:

Answer 20

1) Painted surface that’s still”tacky”
2) Oil films
3) Explosives
4) Edible fats
5) Putty
6) Dust
7) Caulking, and
8) Similar surfaces

Question 21

These prints result after fingers, contaminate with foreign matter such as soot, oils, face powder, ink, and some types of safe insulation, touch a clean surface.

Answer 21

Patent/Contaminated/Visible Prints

Question 22

The most common type of contaminated print results when a finger is pressed into a:

Answer 22

Thin layer of dust before touching a smooth surface

Question 23

These prints are associated with the small amounts of body perspiration and oil that area normally found on the friction ridges.

Answer 23

Latent/Invisible Prints

Question 24

The quality of latent fingerprints is affected by a number of conditions, including the following:(5)

Answer 24

1) the surface on which the print is deposited 2) the nature of the material contaminating the fingerprint 3) any physical or occupational defects of the person making the print 4) how the object on which the print appear was handled 5) the amount of contamination

Question 25

These prints may require little of development (2)

Answer 25

Plastic and Contaminated

Question 26

There are numerous ways to develop latent prints. Four methods that investigators should be familiar with are:(4)

Answer 26

1) use of traditional powders 2) use of fluorescent powders 3) application of chemicals 4) cyanoacrylate or superglue fuming

Question 27

The most common method of development latent/invisible prints is through the use of:

Answer 27

Traditional Powders

Question 28

Commercially prepared traditional powders come in a number of colors, including:(5)

Answer 28

1) black 2) white 3) silver 4) red 5) gray

Question 29

The choices of brushes include:(3)

Answer 29

1) Fiberglass 2) Feathers, and 3) Camel Hair

Question 30

This is a dye sensitive to properties in blood and may be used with contaminated/visible prints involving blood.

Answer 30

Amido Black

Question 31

This is used to develop purplish latent prints on the adhesive side of almost any kind of tape.

Answer 31

Gentian Violet

Question 32

This chemical is used to develop latent prints on paper and cardboard, producing purplish prints.

Answer 32

Ninhydrin

Question 33

This chemical is about three times more sensitive in developing latent prints on paper. The developed red-colored prints are immediately visible but paler than those produced by ninhydrin.

Answer 33

DFO

Question 34

This is used for developing latent prints that have been immersed in water?

Answer 34

Small-particle reagent (SPR)

Question 35

This is an excellent fluorescent chemical dye to use on metal, glass, leather, plastic, wood, and many other types of non absorbent surfaces:

Answer 35

Rhodamine 6G

Question 36

After superglue fuming, this can be effectively used on no porous surfaces:

Answer 36

Basic Yellow 40

Question 37

Superglue fuming was developed in 1978 and its use quickly spread. The three factors associated with its rapid acceptance were:

Answer 37

1) ease of use 2) remarkable results 3) low cost

Question 38

When latent print has been developed, lifted, and placed on a card, it is necessary that the card be properly identified. Information recorded on the card should include:(7)

Answer 38

1) the date 2) type of card 3) case number 4) address of the crime scene 5) name of the officer who made the lift 6) exact place of the lift 7) type of object from which the print was lifted

Question 39

Key target areas for finding latent prints on the victim are:

Answer 39

1) Ankles 2) Armpits 3) Wrists 4) Inner Thighs 5) The Neck

Question 40

Dental Identification What number of points is required for a positive match?

Answer 40

No set

Question 41

The most common cases of the use of Forensic Odontology involve:

Answer 41

Missing and unidentified persons cases, where unidentified human remains are found at a crime of death investigation scene. Notes: In second place is the recognition, documentation, preservation, evaluation, interpretation, and comparison of bite mark evidence.

Question 42

Searches of dental records may not be productive, because:

Answer 42

1) Some numbers of individuals under the age of 30 have no dental decay 2) Individuals with decayed or missing teeth may never have sought treatment

Question 43

Some teeth give us an idea of racial characteristics, for example, these groups have deep grooves in the inner aspects of their upper front teeth, called shovel shaped incisors:

Answer 43

Native Americans and Asians

Question 44

Bite marks may be mistaken for bruises, abrasions, indentions, or lacerations: most have:

Answer 44

an overall ovoid appearance

Question 45

Bite marks on the skin should be processed quickly because they may be degraded by:

Answer 45

1) skin elasticity, 2) the postmortem position of the body, and 3) skin dehydration

Question 46

Female victims are most often bitten on:

Answer 46

1) the breast 2) buttocks, and 3) legs during a sexual assault. NOTE: whereas male victims are more likely to be bitten on the arms and shoulders.

Question 47

Hair evidence is often found because both victims and suspects can transfer it to each other or the scene; hair is easy to locate and recover, and durable. Hair evidence is primarily associated with:

Answer 47

Violent Crimes

Question 48

A number of useful conclusions are possible from the microscopic examination of human hair, such as:

Answer 48

1) The racial characteristics of the donor 2) Somatic or body area origin of the hair 3) Manner in which it was removed 4) Damage to the hair 5) Type of drugs ingested and how recently 6) Presence of hair contaminates 7) Hair treatment, including bleaching, shampoo residues, and dyes 8) Determination of whether know or questioned hair sample could have a common origin

Question 49

When collecting hair standards, at least ___________ should be cut at the skin from various portions of the head to assure that all shades of texture and color have been properly sampled; this number should be DOUBLED FOR DECEASED individuals, and they should be pulled.

Answer 49

50 NOTES: At least 20 standard pubic hair samples should be cut at the skin surface from various regions on a live person.

Question 50

Blood was class-characteristic evidence until the introduction of DNA analysis in the early 1980s. However, an initial study published in 2010 hints at the possibility that blood may have other important contribution to make. The research reports:

Answer 50

1) The ability to identify age from blood, pus, or minus 8.9 years. 2) The identification of eye and color, skin pigmentation, height, and weight from blood analysis are also being explored.

Question 51

The drying time of blood depends on a number of factors, including:(3)

Answer 51

1) whether it is on a porous or nonporous surface 2) its size and thickness 3) the presence or absence of a fan or breeze

Question 52

By studying bloodstain and spatter evidence, the investigator can learn significant facts that facilitate reconstruction of the crime. These facts include:(10)

Answer 52

1) Direction in which blood droplets were traveling when they were deposited on the surface 2) Distance from the source of the blood to the surface on which the droplets were found 3) Angle at which the droplets impacted 4) Direction and relative speed of blood trails 5) Nature of the object used as a weapon 6) Number of the blows struck 7) Relative locations of other persons, surfaces, and objects having droplets on them 8) Sequence of events 9) Interpretation of blood-contact or blood-transfer patterns 10) Estimation of the elapsed time for the event and the volume of bloodshed

Question 53

Before handling any blood evidence, it's ___________and ____________ must be documented.

Answer 53

Location and Physical State

Question 54

If there is fresh blood, absorb it on:(2)

Answer 54

1) a clean cotton cloth | 2) swab

Question 55

You should allow fresh bloodstains on garments to:

Answer 55

Air-dry naturally

Question 56

Under ordinary conditions, laboratory examinations of blood evidence can determine the following about the source of the blood:(7)

Answer 56

1) The species (human, dog, horse, etc) 2) Gender 3) The blood type and the DNA profile 4) Whether drugs or alcohol have been used by the source of the blood 5) The presence of certainty pets of illness 6) The presence of carbon monoxide 7) Whether the source was a smoker

Question 57

Investigators MUST acquire a broad, working knowledge of firearm evidence for three primary reasons:(3)

Answer 57

1) The frequency with which they will encounter it 2) The value of such knowledge in a combat situation and 3) Your personal safety and that of others

Question 58

A cardinal rule when handling weapons at the scene of a crime is that they should never be picked up or moved until,they have been photographed and measurements made for the crime scene sketch. There are several exceptions:(3)

Answer 58

1) If rapidly deteriorating weather conditions, for instance, a driving rain/sleet/snow storm of quickly rising water, threaten the potential to recover fingerprint or DNA evidence from a firearm located outside, move it to a sheltered area. 2) At the scenes of aggravated assaults and murders, feelings run high and there is a danger that an emotionally charged person may suddenly attempt to pick up a weapon and shoot another party. 3) There may be some compelling safety need, such as uncorking the weapon.

Question 59

Tool mark examinations are conducted to:

Answer 59

1) identify the type of tool that made the mark or impression 2) established the action used to operate the tool 3) specify the size and other characteristics of the tool 4) identify unusual features-for example, a broken tip on a screwdriver 5) establish whether two portions of a tool were ever commonly joined 6) establish whether the evidence is suitable for comparison purposes 7) determine whether "this" tool could have made "that" impression or "mark" Alternatively, the examiner might report that the evidence is inconclusive or exclude the tool as a source for making an impression or mark.

Question 60

This is any impression, cut, or abrasion made when a tool comes into contact with another object.

Answer 60

Tool Mark

Question 61

The most common type of contaminated print results when a finger is pressed into a:

Answer 61

Thin layer of dust before touching a smooth surface

Question 62

These prints are associated with the small amounts of body perspiration and oil that area normally found on the friction ridges.

Answer 62

Latent/Invisible Prints

Question 63

The quality of latent fingerprints is affected by a number of conditions, including the following:(5)

Answer 63

1) the surface on which the print is deposited 2) the nature of the material contaminating the fingerprint 3) any physical or occupational defects of the person making the print 4) how the object on which the print appear was handled 5) the amount of contamination

Question 64

These prints may require little of development (2)

Answer 64

Plastic and Contaminated

Question 65

There are numerous ways to develop latent prints. Four methods that investigators should be familiar with are:(4)

Answer 65

1) use of traditional powders 2) use of fluorescent powders 3) application of chemicals 4) cyanoacrylate or superglue fuming

Question 66

The most common method of development latent/invisible prints is through the use of:

Answer 66

Traditional Powders

Question 67

Commercially prepared traditional powders come in a number of colors, including:(5)

Answer 67

1) black 2) white 3) silver 4) red 5) gray

Question 68

The choices of brushes include:(3)

Answer 68

1) Fiberglass 2) Feathers, and 3) Camel Hair

Question 69

This is a dye sensitive to properties in blood and may be used with contaminated/visible prints involving blood.

Answer 69

Amido Black

Question 70

This is used to develop purplish latent prints on the adhesive side of almost any kind of tape.

Answer 70

Gentian Violet

Question 71

This chemical is used to develop latent prints on paper and cardboard, producing purplish prints.

Answer 71

Ninhydrin

Question 72

This chemical is about three times more sensitive in developing latent prints on paper. The developed red-colored prints are immediately visible but paler than those produced by ninhydrin.

Answer 72

DFO

Question 73

This is used for developing latent prints that have been immersed in water?

Answer 73

Small-particle reagent (SPR)

Question 74

This is an excellent fluorescent chemical dye to use on metal, glass, leather, plastic, wood, and many other types of non absorbent surfaces:

Answer 74

Rhodamine 6G

Question 75

After superglue fuming, this can be effectively used on no porous surfaces:

Answer 75

Basic Yellow 40

Question 76

Superglue fuming was developed in 1978 and its use quickly spread. The three factors associated with its rapid acceptance were:

Answer 76

1) ease of use 2) remarkable results 3) low cost

Question 77

When latent print has been developed, lifted, and placed on a card, it is necessary that the card be properly identified. Information recorded on the card should include:(7)

Answer 77

1) the date 2) type of card 3) case number 4) address of the crime scene 5) name of the officer who made the lift 6) exact place of the lift 7) type of object from which the print was lifted

Question 78

Key target areas for finding latent prints on the victim are:

Answer 78

1) Ankles 2) Armpits 3) Wrists 4) Inner Thighs 5) The Neck

Question 79

Dental Identification What number of points is required for a positive match?

Answer 79

No set

Question 80

The most common cases of the use of Forensic Odontology involve:

Answer 80

Missing and unidentified persons cases, where unidentified human remains are found at a crime of death investigation scene. Notes: In second place is the recognition, documentation, preservation, evaluation, interpretation, and comparison of bite mark evidence.

Question 81

Searches of dental records may not be productive, because:

Answer 81

1) Some numbers of individuals under the age of 30 have no dental decay 2) Individuals with decayed or missing teeth may never have sought treatment

Question 82

Some teeth give us an idea of racial characteristics, for example, these groups have deep grooves in the inner aspects of their upper front teeth, called shovel shaped incisors:

Answer 82

Native Americans and Asians

Question 83

Bite marks may be mistaken for bruises, abrasions, indentions, or lacerations: most have:

Answer 83

an overall ovoid appearance

Question 84

Bite marks on the skin should be processed quickly because they may be degraded by:

Answer 84

1) skin elasticity, 2) the postmortem position of the body, and 3) skin dehydration

Question 85

Female victims are most often bitten on:

Answer 85

1) the breast 2) buttocks, and 3) legs during a sexual assault. NOTE: whereas male victims are more likely to be bitten on the arms and shoulders.

Question 86

Hair evidence is often found because both victims and suspects can transfer it to each other or the scene; hair is easy to locate and recover, and durable. Hair evidence is primarily associated with:

Answer 86

Violent Crimes

Question 87

A number of useful conclusions are possible from the microscopic examination of human hair, such as:

Answer 87

1) The racial characteristics of the donor 2) Somatic or body area origin of the hair 3) Manner in which it was removed 4) Damage to the hair 5) Type of drugs ingested and how recently 6) Presence of hair contaminates 7) Hair treatment, including bleaching, shampoo residues, and dyes 8) Determination of whether know or questioned hair sample could have a common origin

Question 88

When collecting hair standards, at least ___________ should be cut at the skin from various portions of the head to assure that all shades of texture and color have been properly sampled; this number should be DOUBLED FOR DECEASED individuals, and they should be pulled.

Answer 88

50 NOTES: At least 20 standard pubic hair samples should be cut at the skin surface from various regions on a live person.

Question 89

Blood was class-characteristic evidence until the introduction of DNA analysis in the early 1980s. However, an initial study published in 2010 hints at the possibility that blood may have other important contribution to make. The research reports:

Answer 89

1) The ability to identify age from blood, pus, or minus 8.9 years. 2) The identification of eye and color, skin pigmentation, height, and weight from blood analysis are also being explored.

Question 90

The drying time of blood depends on a number of factors, including:(3)

Answer 90

1) whether it is on a porous or nonporous surface 2) its size and thickness 3) the presence or absence of a fan or breeze

Question 91

By studying bloodstain and spatter evidence, the investigator can learn significant facts that facilitate reconstruction of the crime. These facts include:(10)

Answer 91

1) Direction in which blood droplets were traveling when they were deposited on the surface 2) Distance from the source of the blood to the surface on which the droplets were found 3) Angle at which the droplets impacted 4) Direction and relative speed of blood trails 5) Nature of the object used as a weapon 6) Number of the blows struck 7) Relative locations of other persons, surfaces, and objects having droplets on them 8) Sequence of events 9) Interpretation of blood-contact or blood-transfer patterns 10) Estimation of the elapsed time for the event and the volume of bloodshed

Question 92

Before handling any blood evidence, it's ___________and ____________ must be documented.

Answer 92

Location and Physical State

Question 93

If there is fresh blood, absorb it on:(2)

Answer 93

1) a clean cotton cloth | 2) swab

Question 94

You should allow fresh bloodstains on garments to:

Answer 94

Air-dry naturally

Question 95

Under ordinary conditions, laboratory examinations of blood evidence can determine the following about the source of the blood:(7)

Answer 95

1) The species (human, dog, horse, etc) 2) Gender 3) The blood type and the DNA profile 4) Whether drugs or alcohol have been used by the source of the blood 5) The presence of certainty pets of illness 6) The presence of carbon monoxide 7) Whether the source was a smoker

Question 96

Investigators MUST acquire a broad, working knowledge of firearm evidence for three primary reasons:(3)

Answer 96

1) The frequency with which they will encounter it 2) The value of such knowledge in a combat situation and 3) Your personal safety and that of others

Question 97

A cardinal rule when handling weapons at the scene of a crime is that they should never be picked up or moved until,they have been photographed and measurements made for the crime scene sketch. There are several exceptions:(3)

Answer 97

1) If rapidly deteriorating weather conditions, for instance, a driving rain/sleet/snow storm of quickly rising water, threaten the potential to recover fingerprint or DNA evidence from a firearm located outside, move it to a sheltered area. 2) At the scenes of aggravated assaults and murders, feelings run high and there is a danger that an emotionally charged person may suddenly attempt to pick up a weapon and shoot another party. 3) There may be some compelling safety need, such as uncorking the weapon.

Question 98

Tool mark examinations are conducted to:

Answer 98

1) identify the type of tool that made the mark or impression 2) established the action used to operate the tool 3) specify the size and other characteristics of the tool 4) identify unusual features-for example, a broken tip on a screwdriver 5) establish whether two portions of a tool were ever commonly joined 6) establish whether the evidence is suitable for comparison purposes 7) determine whether "this" tool could have made "that" impression or "mark" Alternatively, the examiner might report that the evidence is inconclusive or exclude the tool as a source for making an impression or mark.

Question 99

This is any impression, cut, or abrasion made when a tool comes into contact with another object.

Answer 99

Tool Mark