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AP Biology Flashcards (From Books) > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Brown discover?

A

The nucleus of cells

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2
Q

What did Matthais Schleiden say?

A

That plants are composed of cells

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3
Q

What did schwann find?

A

That all animals are composed of cells

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4
Q

What is a cell?

A

It is the smallest unit of living matter

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5
Q

What did Vrichow discover?

A

He viewed the human body as a state where each cell is a citizen

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6
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

1) All organisms are composed of cells
2) cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms
3) Cells come only from preexisting cells because they are self reproducing

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7
Q

Why do cells need to be so small?

A

They need to maintain the surface area to volume ratio. Small cells have an adequate surface area for materials exchange

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8
Q

What two types of cells are there?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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9
Q

What is characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

A

They are named like this because they lack a membrane bounded nucleus

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10
Q

What are the two different types of prokaryotes?

A

Archaea and Bacteria

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11
Q

List/Describe the four types of bacteria

A
  • Rod shaped=Bacillus
  • Spherical shaped=Coccus
  • Long and twisted into spirals=Spirrilla (Rigid ones) or Spirochetes (Flexible)
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12
Q

What does the cell envelop include? (In bacteria)

A

The plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx

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13
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

It is the phospholipid bilayer with proteins that has the important function of regulating the entrance and exit of substances into/outo of the cytoplasm

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14
Q

In prokaryotes, what does the plasma membrane form?

A

Mesosomes

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15
Q

What are mesosomes?

A

They increase the internal surface area for the attachment of enzymes that

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16
Q

What does the cell wall in bacteria do?

A

It maintains the shape of the cell, even if the cytoplasm should take up an abundance of water. The cell wall in bacteria is strengthened by peptitoglycan

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17
Q

What does teh glycocalyx?

A

It is a layer of polysaccharides lying outside the cell wall in some bacteria. It can be easily washed off

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18
Q

When the glycocalyx is washed off, what part results?

A

Capsule. It is a slime layer that ultimately helps to attach to any surface as well as helps the immune system

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19
Q

What is teh cytoplasm?

A

IT is a semifluid solution that is composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by a plasmma membrane

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20
Q

What kinds of organic molecules are present in the cytoplasm?

A

Enzymes to help speed up chemical reactions

21
Q

Where is the DNA of a prokaryote found?

A

In a chromosome that coils up and is located in a region called the nucleoid

22
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

They are extrachromosomal pieces of DNA that a bacteria has

23
Q

Where is the protein for bacterial DNA syntehsized?

A

On ribosomes

24
Q

What are the inclusion bodies, found in cytoplasm?

A

They store granules of various substances. Some are nutrients that can be broken down when needed

25
Q

How do cyanobacteria acquire food

A

They go through photosyntheisis (have thylakoid membranes)

26
Q

What is the flagella?

A

They are appendages that allow the bacteria to propel themselves. They are attached to a hook and a basal body. The basl body is a series of rings that is anchored in the cell wall and membrane.

27
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Small bristlelike fibers that sprout from the cell surface. They attach bacteria to a surface

28
Q

What are conjugation pili?

A

They are rigid tubular structures used by bacteria to pass DNA from cell to cell

29
Q

What does the endosymbiotic theory say?

A

That the mitochondria and chlorplasts (two energy related organelles) arose when the cell engulfed independent prokaryotes

30
Q

Why does the endosymbiotic theory state what it does?

A

Because both cholorplasts and mitochondria are bounded by double membranes and contain their own genetic material separate from that in the cell

31
Q

What does the plant cell wall made up of?

A

cellulose

32
Q

What are “compartments” inside a eukaryotic cell called?

A

Organelles

33
Q

What do vesicles do?

A

They carry the products from each organelle around

34
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

It is the lattice of protein fibers that maintains the shape of the cell and assists in the movement of organelles

35
Q

What does the nucleus do that is essential to the life of the cell?

A

It contains the genetic information that is passed from cell to cell

36
Q

What does teh nucleus contain?

A

Chromatin in a semifluid matrix called nucleoplasm

37
Q

Chromatin condenses to form what?

A

Chromosomes

38
Q

What do chromsomes contain?

A

They contain DNA, protein, and some RNA, as well as Genes

39
Q

What are genes?

A

They are units of heredity that are located on the chromosomes

40
Q

What are the three types of RNA that are produced?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

41
Q

How are ribosomes produced?

A

rRNA is produced in the nucleolus, a dark region of chromatin where rRNA is joined with proteins to form the subunits of RNA

42
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

They are the site of protein synthesis

43
Q

What separates the nucleus from teh cytoplasm?

A

The nuclear envelope

44
Q

What do the nuclear pores permit?

A

The passage of ribosomal subunits and mRNA out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm

45
Q

What happens in ribosomes?

A

They are particles whrere protein syntehsis occurs. The numbers of ribosomes in cell varies depending on the function

46
Q

In eukaryotic cells, how do ribosomes move/occur?

A

Freely within the cytoplasm, each singly or in groups called polyribosomes

47
Q

What causes a ribosome to bind to the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It occurs only if the protein being synthesized by a ribosome.Binding will occur only of the protein that is being synthesized begins with a signal peptide.

48
Q

What does the endomembrane system consist of?

A

The nuclear envelope, membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and several types of vesicles

49
Q
A

AP Biology Flashcards (From Books) (9 decks)

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