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AP Biology Flashcards (From Books) > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Meiosis

A

The type of nuclear divison that reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid numbers

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2
Q

In humans, what is the diploid, and the haploid number?

A

The diploid number is 2n, while the haploid number is n

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3
Q

What are gametes?

A

The reproductive cells~The sperm and egg

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4
Q

When gametes fuse, what is it call?

A

A Zygote

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5
Q

Does a zygote have a diploid, or a haploid number of chromosomes?

A

A Diploid number

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6
Q

In diploid body cells, how do chromosomes occur?

A

They occur in pairs

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7
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

They are the members of the pair of chromosmes. They look alike, have the sme length and centromere position, as well as banding patterns (because they contain the same genes and traits)

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8
Q

Although the genes are the same in the homologous chromosomes, do they necessarily code for the same thing?

A

No. They could code for alternate forms of the gene

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9
Q

What are alternate forms of the gene called?

A

They are called alleles

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10
Q

Why does the zygote have two chromosomes of each kind?

A

Because there is one inherited from each parent.

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11
Q

How many divisions does meiosis require? What is the result?

A

It requires two nuclear divisons The result is four haploid daughter cells

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12
Q

What kinds of chromosomes do the daughter cells recieve? Do they necessarily need to be the same as the ones the parent has?

A

The daughter cells recieve one of each kind of parental chromosomes, but in different combinations. So no, they’re not necessarily identical to the parent cell

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13
Q

Prior to meiosis I, has DNA replication occured?

A

Yes, therefore each chromosome has two sister chromatids

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14
Q

What is synapsis?

A

It is the process by which the homologous chromosomes come together and line up side by side (due to an attraction)

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15
Q

What does synapsis result in?

A

A Bivalent (two) homologous chromosomes that stay close together during the first four phases of meiosis

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16
Q

What term can be used instead of bivalent?

A

Tetrad

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17
Q

What happens after synapsis?

A

The homologous pairs align at the metaphase plate and then the members of each pair separate

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18
Q

What does the separation of homologous chromosomes mean?

A

It means that only one duplicated chromosome from each homologous pair reaches a daughter nucleus

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19
Q

Is DNA replication done between meiosis I and meiosis II?

A

NO

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20
Q

During meiosis II, what happens?

A

Sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes that move to opposite poles

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

What does meiosis provide a way to do?

A

I tprovides a way to keep the chromosome number constant

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23
Q

How do asexual organisms get genetic variations?

A

Usually through mutations

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24
Q

What are the two ways that meiosis brings genetic variation?

A

It brings genetic variatin via crossing over and independent assortments of homologous chromosomes

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25
Q

What does crossing over?

A

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of a bivalent (homologous chromosomes) during meiosis I

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26
Q

What is the estimated number of crossing overs that occur per human chromosome?

A

2-3

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27
Q

What mechanism holds the homologous chromosomes together so they are aligned?

A

A nucleoprotein lattice

28
Q

As a result of the nucleoprotein lattice, what can occur?

A

Crossing over

29
Q

When the lattice holding the homologous chromosomes together breaks down, what temporarily holds the chromosomes together?

A

chiasmata regions where the nonsister chromatids are attached due to crossing over

30
Q

After crossing over, are the chromatids held together by a centrosome identical?

A

No, they have different instructions (for the same genetic traits)

31
Q

What is gene recombination?

A

It is the result of crossing over. Because of this, the offspring have different sets of genes than their parents

32
Q

What happens during independent assortment?

A

The homologous chromosome pairs separate independently, in a random manner

33
Q

When teh homologues align on the metaphase plate (after independent assortment), what pole are they oriented towards?

A

They are oriented towards either pole

34
Q

Why is meiosis important?

A

It is important because it encourages genetic variation, which is very important in the long term survival of the species

35
Q

How many phases of meiosis are there?

A

2

36
Q

What happens in prophase I to the nucleus, centrosomes, and nucleolus?

A

A spindle forms as the centrosomes migrate away from one another. The nuclear envelope fragments, and the nucleolus disappears.

37
Q

What happens to homologous chromosomes during prophase I?

A

The undergo synapsis to form bivalents. Crossing over between nonsister chromatids occur. Chromosomes condense

38
Q

During metaphase I, what are the bivalents held together by?

A

They are held together by chiasmata

39
Q

What happens during metaphase I?

A

The bivalents (held together by chiasmata) move towards the metaphase plate. The spindle has fully formed, kinetochores are seen, and the two kinetochores of a duplicated chromosome are attached to the kinetochore spindle fiber

40
Q

What happens during anaphase I?

A

The homologues of each bivalent separate and move towards opposite poles. Sister chromatids ARE NOT separated. Each chromosome has two chromatids

41
Q

Is the completion of telophase I necessary during meiosis?

A

No.

42
Q

What happens during telophase I?

A

The spindle disappears, new nuclear evelops NEED NOT FORM.

43
Q

Is telophase I accompanied by cytokinesis?

A

Not necessarily

44
Q

What is interkinesis?

A

It is a process that is similar to interphase between mitotic divisions except DNA replication doesn’t occur

45
Q

What is there at the beginning of meiosis II?

A

Two daughter cells contain the haploid number of chromosomes (one chromosome from each pair)

46
Q

During metaphase II, what happens?

A

Chromsomes align at the metaphase plate, but DO NOT align in homologous pairs

47
Q

During anaphase II, what happens?

A

sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes that are not duplicated. Daughter chromosomes move toward the poles.

48
Q

Telophase II and Cytokineses ~ What is the result after both of these

A

Foru haploid cells

49
Q

What does meiosis result in plants?

A

spores

50
Q

What are teh FUNDAMENTAL differences between meiosis and mitosis ( 4 of them)

A

1) Meiosis requires 2 nuclear divisons, while mitosis requires 1
2) Meiosis produces fourdaughter cells, while mitosis produces 2 daughter cells
3) The 4 daughter cells from meiosis are haploid,while the 2 daughter cells from mitosis are diploid
4) Mitosis produces identical daughter cells, while the daughter cells produced in meiosis are different

51
Q

When does meiosis occur, compared to mitosis?

A

Meiosis occurs only at certain times in teh life of a sexually reproducing being, while Mitosis occurs a lot because it is needed for growth and repair

52
Q

Prophase I vs. Prophase

A

Prophase 1- Pairing of homologous chromosomes

Prophase: No pairing

53
Q

Metaphase I vs. Metaphase

A

Metaphase I-Bivaletns at metaphase plate

Metaphase- Duplicated chromosomes at metphase plate

54
Q

Anaphase I vs Anaphase

A

Anaphase 1- Homologues of each bivalent separate and duplicated chromosomes move to poles

Anaphase: Sister chromatids separated, become daughter chromosomes that move to the poles

55
Q

Telophase I vs Telophase

A

Telophase I- Two haploid daughter cells, not identical to the parent cell

Telophase- Two haploid daughter cells identical to the parent

56
Q

Prophase II vs Prophase

A

Both have no pairing of chromosomes

57
Q

Metaphase II vs Metaphase

A

Metaphase II- Haploid number of duplicated chromosomes at metaphase plate

Metaphase-Diploid number of duplicated chromosmes at metaphase plate

58
Q

Anaphase II vs Anaphase

A

Anaphase II- Sister chromatids separate, become daughter chromosomes that move to the poles

Anaphase- Sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes that move to the poles

59
Q

Telophase II vs. Telophase

A

Telophase II- Four haploid daughter cells, not genetically identical

Telophase- Two diploid, genetically identical diploid cells

60
Q

What does the term life cycle refer to?

A

All the reproductive events that occur from one generation to the next similar generation

61
Q

What is the differnce between animal (humans as well) and plant life cyle?

A

The individual in animals is always diploids, and meiosis produces gametes,w hile in plants, they have haploid phase that alternates with diploid phase

62
Q

What are the haploid/diploid generations known as in plants?

A

Gemetophyte (Haploid)- May be larger or smaller than the diploid generation

Diploid-Sporophyte

63
Q

Name the process of meiosis in male and female animals?

A

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

64
Q

What does spermatogenesis result in? Oogenesis?

A

4 sperm cells/1 egg, 3 polar bodies

65
Q
A

AP Biology Flashcards (From Books) (9 decks)

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