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PLT > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

0
Q

African American English

A

Dialect of some African American communities characterized by certain pronunciations, idioms, and grammatical constructions different from those of Standard English

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1
Q

ability grouping

A

the practice of placing students in groups based on academic ability or achievement

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2
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)

A

legislation in the US that extends civil rights protection of persons with disabilities to private sector employment, all public services, public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunication including physical accessibility and the removal of barriers to hotels, restaurants, grocery stores, and parks if that can be accomplished without great difficulty or expense

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3
Q

antecedent stimulus

A

stimulus that increases the likelihood that a particular response will follow

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4
Q

assessment

A

process of observing a sample of a student’s behavior and drawing inferences about the student’s knowledge and abilities

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5
Q

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

Disorder marked by inattention, inability to inhibit inappropriate thoughts and behaviors, or both

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6
Q

Autism spectrum disorders

A

Disorders marked by impaired social cognition, social skills, and social interaction, presumably due to a brain abnormality; extreme forms often associated with significant cognitive and linguistic delays and highly unusual behaviors

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7
Q

classroom climate

A

overall psychological atmosphere of the classroom

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8
Q

cognitive style

A

characteristic way in which a learner tends to think about a task and process new information; typically comes into play automatically rather than by choice

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9
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

knowledge and skills accumulated from prior experience, schooling, and culture

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10
Q

cultural bias

A

extent to which assessment tasks either offend or unfairly penalize some students because of their ethnicity, gender, or SES

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11
Q

cultural mismatch

A

situation in which a child’s home culture and the school culture hold conflicting expectations for the child’s behavior

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12
Q

culture

A

behaviors and belief systems that members of a long-standing social group share and pass along to successive generations

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13
Q

culture shock

A

sense of confusion when a student encounters a culture with behavioral expectations very different from those previously learned

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14
Q

dialect

A

form of a language that has certain unique pronunciations, idioms, and grammatical structures and is characteristic of a particular region or ethnic group

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15
Q

differentiated instruction

A

practice of individualizing instructional methods, and possibly also individualizing specific content and instructional goals, to align with each student’s existing knowledge, skills, and needs

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16
Q

distributed intelligence

A

idea that people act more “intelligently” when they have physical, symbolic, or social assistance

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17
Q

due process

A

the principle that government must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person

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18
Q

emotional and behavioral disorders

A

emotional states and behaviors that consistently and significantly disrupt academic learning and performance

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19
Q

entity view of intelligence

A

belief that intelligence is a “thing” that is relatively permanent and unchangeable

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20
Q

ethnic group

A

people who have common historical roots, values, beliefs, and behaviors and who share a sense of interdependence

21
Q

ethnic identity

A

awareness of one’s membership in a particular ethnic or cultural group, and willingness to adopt behaviors characteristic of the group

22
Q

fair and nondiscriminatory evaluation

A

non-biased, multi-factored methods of evaluation to determine if a child has a disability and needs special education; nondiscriminatory evaluation with regard to race, culture, or native language, with placement decisions made on a basis of multiple test scores and observations

23
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to acquire knowledge quickly and adapt effectively to new situations

24
Q

free and appropriate public education (FAPE)

A

special education and related services that (a) have been provided at public expense, under public supervision and direction without charge; (b) meet the standards of the state educational agency; (c) include an appropriate preschool, elementary, or secondary school education in the state involved; and (d) are provided in conformity with the individualized education program

25
Q

functional analysis

A

examination of inappropriate behavior and its antecedents and consequences to determine one or more purposes (functions) that the behavior might serve for the learner

26
Q

giftedness

A

unusually high ability in one or more areas, to the point where students require special educational services to help them meet their full potential

27
Q

group differences

A

consistently observed differences (on average) among diverse groups of students (e.g., students of different genders or ethnic backgrounds)

28
Q

inclusion

A

the practice of educating all students, including those with severe and multiple disabilities, in neighborhood schools and general education classrooms

29
Q

incremental view of intelligence

A

belief that intelligence can improve with effort and practice

30
Q

individual differences

A

variability in abilities and characteristics (intelligence, personality, etc.) among students at a particular age and within any group

31
Q

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

A

US legislation granting educational rights to people with cognitive, emotional, or physical disabilities from birth until age 21; initially passed in 1975, it has been amended and reauthorized in 1997 and again in 2004. IDEA operates under six basic principles: zero reject, nondiscriminatory identification and evaluation, free and appropriate public education, least restrictive environment, due process, and parent and student participation in shared decision making with regard to educational planning

32
Q

Individualized education program

A

(IEP) Written document required by the IDEA Act (PL 94-142) for every child with a disability; includes statements of present performance, annual goals, instructional objectives, specific educational services needed, extent of participation in the general education program, evaluation procedures, and relevant dates, and must be signed by parents as well as educational personnel

33
Q

intelligence

A

ability to modify and adjust behaviors to accomplish new tasks successfully; involves many different mental processes and may vary in nature depending on one’s culture

34
Q

intelligence test

A

general measure of current cognitive functioning, used primarily to predict academic achievement over the short run

35
Q

IQ score

A

score on an intelligent test, determined by comparing a student’s performance on the test with the performance of others in the same age group. For most tests, it is a standard score with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15

36
Q

least restrictive environment

A

educational setting for special needs child that most closely resembles a regular school program and also meets the child’s special educational needs

37
Q

learning

A

long-term change in mental representations or associations due to experience

38
Q

learning disability

A

deficiency in one or more specific cognitive processes despite relatively normal cognitive functioning in other areas

39
Q

mental retardation

A

disability characterized by significantly below-average general intelligence and deficits in practical and social skills (now intellectual disability)

40
Q

multicultural curriculum

A

instructional concepts that integrate perspectives and experiences of numerous diverse groups and representing various cultures, ethnicities, ages, gender, and religions

41
Q

multiple intelligences

A

a theory that claims that people are “intelligent” in many different areas including cognitive, emotional, and social domains

42
Q

norms

A

in assessment, data regarding the typical performance of various groups of students on a standardized test or other norm-referenced measure of a particular characteristic or ability

43
Q

positive behavioral support (PBS)

A

systematic intervention that addresses chronic misbehaviors by (a) identifying the purposes those behaviors might serve for a student and (b) providing more appropriate ways for a student to achieve the same ends

44
Q

Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973

A

A federal law that prohibits the denial of participation in, benefits of, or discrimination in any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance because of a documented disability, history of a disability, or the appearance of having a disability

45
Q

standard English

A

form of English generally considered acceptable at school, as reflected in textbooks and grammar instruction

46
Q

student at risk

A

student who has a high probability of failing to acquire the minimum academic skills necessary for success in the adult world

47
Q

student with special needs

A

student who is different enough from peers that he or she requires specially adapted instructional materials and practices

48
Q

subculture

A

group that resists the ways of the dominant culture and adopts its own norms for behavior

49
Q

temperament

A

genetic predisposition to respond in particular ways to one’s physical and social environments

50
Q

Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

view of intelligence; proponents argue that intelligent behavior arises from a balance between analytical, creative, and practical abilities

51
Q

visual-spatial ability

A

ability to imagine and manipulate two- and three-dimensional figures

PLT (9 decks)

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