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Biological Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body - made up of somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Part of the PNS, controls the heart, intestines, and other organs; some cell bodies are in brain/spinal cord and some in clusters along sides of spinal cord; has two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous sytems

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4
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back

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5
Q

ventral

A

toward the stomach

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6
Q

planes of the head

A

horizontal, saggital and coronal

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7
Q

anterior

A

toward front end

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8
Q

posterior

A

toward back end

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9
Q

superior

A

above another part

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10
Q

inferior

A

below another part

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11
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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12
Q

medial

A

toward midline

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13
Q

proximal

A

approximately close to point of origin/attachment

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14
Q

distal

A

more distant to point of origin/attachment

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15
Q

ipsilateral

A

on same side of body

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16
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite sides of body

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17
Q

Spinal cord

A

part of CNS within spinal column; communicates with all sense organs and muscles except those of the head

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18
Q

Bell-Magendie Law

A

entering dorsal roots (axon bundles) carry sensory information and exiting ventral roots carry motor information

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19
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord

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20
Q

gray matter

A

densely packed material made up of cell bodies and dendrites (centre of spinal cord made up of this)

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21
Q

white matter

A

mostly made up of myelinated axons - messages sent from gray matter to brain /other parts of spinal cord through white matter

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22
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

A network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigorous activity, consists of chains of ganglia just to the left and right of the spinal cord’s central regions (the thoracic and lumbar areas) - sympathetic axons prepare the organs for “fight or flight” by increasing breathing and heart rate and decreasing digestive activity

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23
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Long pre-ganglionic axons extend from cord to parasympathetic ganglia near organs - shorter post-ganglionic fibres extend into organs; facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses - decreases heart rate, increases digestive rate, and conserves energy

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24
Q

Laminae

A

rows/layers of cell bodies separated from others by a layer of dendrites/axons (molecular, external granular, pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, multiform layer)

25
Q

tract

A

set of cells within CNS also known as a projection

26
Q

nerve

A

set of axons in the periphery either from CNS to muscles or glands or from a sensory organ to CNS

27
Q

nucleus

A

cluster of neurons inside CNS

28
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neurons outside CNS

29
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • medulla (vital reflexes)
  • pons (axons from each half cross to opposite sides)
  • cerebellum (motor control, balance, muscle tone)
30
Q

cranial nerves

A

control sensations from the head, muscle mvt of head and parasympathetic output to organs (both sensory and motor neurons)

31
Q

reticular formation

A

descending and ascending portions - descending helps control motor areas of cord, ascending sends output to cerebral cortex and selectively increases arousal/attention

32
Q

brainstem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain, and certain structures of forebrain

33
Q

raphe system

A

axons to much of forebrain that modify brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli

34
Q

midbrain

A

dwarfed middle section of brain surrounded by forebrain

35
Q

tectum

A

roof of midbrain

36
Q

colliculi

A

superior and inferior - swellings on each side of the tectum

37
Q

tegmentum

A

under tectum - includes nuclei for cranial nerves 3 & 4, parts of the reticular formation, and extension of pathways between forebrain and spinal cord/hindbrain

38
Q

substantia nigra

A

midbrain structure that gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movemen

39
Q

forebrain

A

The most prominent part of the mammalian brain. Consists of two cerbral hemispheres, one left and right

40
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer covering of the brain (makes up 13%) - receives sensory information; neurons in each hemisphere communicate through 2 bundles of axons (corpus callosum and anterior commisure); 6 layers of laminae lie parallel to surface of cortex

41
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus, include three major structures: the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus; critical for learning and remembering how to do something, important for attention, launguage, planning, and other cognitive functions

42
Q

Limbic system

A

Interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem. Includes the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex

43
Q

Thalamus

A

control centre of brain - pair of structures (L and R) in centre of forebrain

44
Q

hypothalamus

A

Small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus. Damage to any hypothalamic nucles leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fighting, or activity level

45
Q

pituitary gland

A

endocrine (hormone producing) gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus by a stalk that contains neurons, blood vessels, and connective tissue

46
Q

hippocampus

A

Large structure between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, mostly toward the posterior of the forebrain; critical for storing certain kinds of memories

47
Q

nuculus basalis

A

lies on the ventral surface of the forebrain, receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetycholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex; key part of the brain’s system for arousal, wakefulness, and attention; patients with Parkinsons’ disease and Alzheimer’s disease have impairments of attention and intellect because of inactivity or deterioration of their nucleus basalis

48
Q

ventricles

A

Four CSF-filled cavities within the brain - 1 large in each hemisphere that connect to a third at posterior end, fourth is in centre of medulla

49
Q

CSF - Cerebral spinal fluid

A

Cells called the choroid plexus inside the four ventricles, a clear fluid similar to blood plasma

50
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

lobotomy

A

surgical disconnection of pre-frontal cortex from rest of brain

52
Q

binding problem/large scale integration problem

A

question of how various brain areas combine to produce perception of a single object (damage to parietal cortex can result in binding problems)

53
Q

broca’s area

A

part of left frontal cortex that, when damaged, affects ability to speak

54
Q

ablation

A

removal of a brain area

55
Q

lesion

A

damage to a brain area

56
Q

gene knockout approach

A

biochemical method to direct a mutation to a particular gene

57
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

magnets inactivate the neurone/brain area below (eg silencing the visual cortex will result in an inability to see but eyes will still respond to light)

58
Q

optogenics

A

stimulation of neurons with laser light

59
Q

Heschel’s gyrus

A

large in people good at identifying language sounds that are foreign

Biological Psychology (11 decks)

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