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Biological Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

reflex arc

A

circuit from sensory neuron to muscle (receptor - cord - back)

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2
Q

temporal summation

A

repeated weak stimuli over a brief time has cumulative effect (critical to brain function, usually occurs with spatial summation)

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3
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

relesases neurotransmitters across gap - message delivery

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4
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neurotransmitters bind to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron - message receiver

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5
Q

graded potential

A

light stimulation producing slight depolarization or hyperpolarization

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6
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

graded depolarization from flow of sodium - if threshold is not reached it decays quickly

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7
Q

spatial summation

A

synaptic inputs from separate locations combine effects on a neuron (critical to brain function, usually occurs with temporal summation)

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8
Q

flexors

A

muscles that “bring in”

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9
Q

extensors

A

muscles that “move away”

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10
Q

interneuron

A

neurons whose axons and dendrites are confined within a given structure

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11
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane - occurs when input selectively opens potassium gates to cell

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12
Q

spontaneous firing rate

A

rate at which neurons produce action potentials without synaptic input

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13
Q

sequence of chemical events at a synapse

A
  • neurons synthesize neurotransmitters (small in axons, neuropeptides in soma)
  • AP travels down axon, @ presynaptic terminal AP allows calcium to enter which releases neurotransmitters from terminals and into synaptic cleft
  • molecules diffuse across cleft and bind to receptors, altering activity of post synaptic neurone
  • neurotransmitters separate from receptors and diffuse away or be taken back into presynaptic neuron for recycling
  • some postsynaptic cells send messages of inhibition to prevent release of more neurotransmitters
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14
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical that affect another neurone - more than 100 known

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15
Q

amino acids

A

type of neurotransmitter containing an amine group (GABA, glutamate, aspartate, glycine)

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16
Q

monoamine

A

type of neurotransmitter formed by a change in some amino acids (indoleamines, serotonin, dopamine, catecholamines, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

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17
Q

acetylcholine

A

chemical similar to an amino acid but containing N(CH3)3 group (one member family); controls functions such as memory, attention, sleep, heart rate, and muscular activity.

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18
Q

neuropeptides

A

chains of amino acids (endorphins, substance P, neuropeptide Y, others)

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19
Q

purines

A

category of chemicals including adenosine and its derivatives (ATP, adenosine, others); relaxes smooth muscle cells which improves blood flow to tissues

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20
Q

type of neurotransmitter- gases

A

nitric oxide, maybe others

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21
Q

Synthesis of neurotransmitters

A

neurons synthesize nearly all transmitters from amino acids which the body obtains from proteins in the diet

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22
Q

cetecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine - contain a chatechol and an amine group

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23
Q

monoamine oxydase (MAO)

A

An enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivates monoamine transmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

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24
Q

ionoptropic effects

A

synaptic effects that depend on the rapid opening of some kind of gate in the membrane - very fast, well suited to visual information that needs to be updated quickly. Most excitatory ionotropic effects use glutamate, most inhibitory use GABA.

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25
Q

transmitter gated/ligand gated

A

channels opened by a neurotransmitter attaching to a receptor

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26
Q

metabotropic effects

A

by way of second messenger system, influences activity in much of the cell over a longer period of time - neurotransmitter binds to receptor and bends protein that goes through membrane of the cell. This receptor is attached to a G protein (protein attached to GTP) which releases and takes its energy elsewhere in the cell. (taste, smell, pain, arousal, attention, emotion)

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27
Q

G protein

A

Protein with guanosine triphosphate attached - energy storing molecule (result of this is increase in second messenger)

28
Q

Second messenger

A

A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein.

29
Q

neuropeptides/neuromodulators

A

synthesized in soma, released and diffused widely by dendrites, axons, and cell bodies (resembling hormones) - release primes other dendrites to release the same neurpopeptide resulting in substantial amounts released (although less often than neurotransmitters). Because they alter gene activity, results are long lasting.

30
Q

neurogliaform cell

A

a neuron shaped like a glial cell that releases huge amounts of GABA (a neurotransmitter) all at once forming a “cloud” that spreads to a large number of neurons and produces widespread inhibition (similar to neuropeptide diffusion)

31
Q

Hormones

A

chemicals secreted by cells in one part of the body and conveyed by blood to influence other cells

32
Q

endocrine glands

A 
Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream
hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary gland
parathyroid gland
thyroid gland
thymus
liver
adrenal gland
kidney
pancreas
ovary
placenta
testis
33
Q

protein and peptide hormones

A

protein - long, peptide - short; composed of chains of amino acids, they attach to membrane receptors and activate a second messenger within cell exactly like metabotropic synapse (many chemicals serve as hormones and neurotransmitters)

34
Q

pituitary gland

A

anterior pituitary - glandular tissue, posterior pituitary - neural tissue (considered etension of hypothalamus); attached to hypothalamus where oxytocin and vassopressin are synthesized - these migrate down axons in posterior pituitary and are released into blood. Anterior pituitary produces 6 hormones whose release are controlled by hypothalamus.

35
Q

releasing hormones

A

hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones that travel to anterior pituitary to stimulate release of hormones including adrenocorticotropic hormone, TSH, prolactin, somatropin (growth hormone GH), gonadotropins (FSH and LH),

36
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine after release by presynaptic cell. Choline is reabsorbed by presynaptic cell and bound with acetyl groups inside cell to reform acetylcholine

37
Q

reuptake

A

A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane

38
Q

transporters

A

Specialized receptors in the presynaptic membrane that recognize transmitter molecules and return them to the presynaptic neuron for reuse; dopamine transporters in caudate nucleus are highly efficient and reuptake accounts for almost all dopamine released

39
Q

COMT (catechol-o-methyltransferase)

A

if dopamine released in areas with fewer transporters, this enzyme breaks down the excess into inactive chemicals that cannot stimulate the dopamine receptors

40
Q

autoreceptors

A

Receptors that respond to released transmitters and inhibit further synthesis and release

41
Q

gap junction

A

In electrical synapses, points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins (pores); membranes of each cell are in direct contact

42
Q

antagonist

A

A drug that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter

43
Q

agonist

A

A chemical that mimics or increases the action of a neurotransmitter

44
Q

affinity

A

a drug’s tendency to bind with a particular receptor

45
Q

efficacy

A

a drug’s tendency to activate a receptor

46
Q

self-stimulation of the brain

A

relates to experiment w/ OLDS AND MILNER; rats with electrodes in brain that stimulate certain areas will press a button over and over

47
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

A cluster of neurons in the basal ganglia that is a crucial part of the brain’s reward mechanism

48
Q

dopamine transporter

A

membrane protein that enables the presynaptic neuron to reabsorb dopamine after releasing it

49
Q

nicotine

A
  • found in tobacco products

- stimulates acetylcholine receptor, increasing dopamine release in nucleus accumbens

50
Q

tetrahydracannabinol (THC)

A
  • main active ingredient in cannabis and related substances
  • used to treat pain and nausea
  • Glaucoma
  • increase appetite, altered sensory experience
  • purified name “dronabinol”
  • excites negative feedback receptors on presynaptic cells that usually respond to anandamide and 2AG
51
Q

anandamide

A

One of the natural endocannabinoid chemicals which binds to specific receptors that can also bind to the amdocannabinoids in marijuana

52
Q

hallucinogenic drugs

A

distort perception; LSD, mushrooms, peyote; looks like serotonin, stimulates 2A serotonin receptor for longer than normal and at inappropriate times

53
Q

alcoholism

A

A disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker’s health and social relationships.

54
Q

Type I Alcoholism

A

Type I Alcoholism develops gradually, usually after age 25; relatives may not always have history of alcohol abuse

55
Q

Type II Alcoholism

A

more rapid onset, usually before age 25; affects mostly men with close relatives who have alcohol problems

56
Q

tolerance

A

progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug

57
Q

withdrawal

A

a pattern of uncomfortable or painful physical symptoms and cravings experienced by the user when the level of drug is decreased or the drug is eliminated

58
Q

antabuse

A

Disulfiram; medication that blocks the metabolism of alcohol into acetaldehyde, a toxic substance, and is used to help alcoholics refrain from alcohol use

59
Q

methadone

A
  • a strong opioid agonist
  • can be taken orally
  • slow reactions so it satisfies the craving but does not produce a rush
  • produces less intense withdrawal symptoms than morphine
60
Q

amphetamines and cocaine

A

stimulant drugs - increase excitement, alertness and activity while elevating mood and decreasing fatigue; stimulate dopamine synapses in the nucleus accumbens by blocking reuptake

61
Q

methyphenidate (ritalin)

A

prescribed for ADHD, blocks reuptake of dopamine in the same way as cocaine at the same brain receptors (differences relate to dose and time course - more gradual)

62
Q

opiates

A

chemically similar to or derived from the opium poppy (heroin, morphine, methadone); relaxation, decreased sensitivity to pain by stimulating endorphin receptors (heroin enters brain faster than morphine - produces bigger rush and is more addictive)

63
Q

MDMA

A

low dose: stimulant, high dose: sensory distortions; releases dopamine and serotonin, damages axons containing serotonin

64
Q

2-AG

A

binds to cannabinoid receptors

65
Q

alcohol

A

facilitates response at GABA(a) receptor (main inhibitory site of the brain) and blocks activity at glutamate receptors (main excitatory site); increases stimulation at dopamine receptors in nucleus accumbens

Biological Psychology (11 decks)

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