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Biological Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

receive messages and transmit it to other cells, there are approx 100 billion neurons in the adult brain. Large neurons have dendrites, soma, and axons, while small neurons lack axons/well defined dendrites

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2
Q

glia

A

smaller but more numerous than neurons, glia have many functions but do not convey messages/info over great distances

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3
Q

monism

A

mind (spirit) and the body (brain) are inseparable from each other

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4
Q

dualism

A

idea mind and the body are separate entities

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5
Q

Charles Sherrington, Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A

founders of neuroscience

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6
Q

cell membrane

A

structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

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7
Q

nucleus

A

structure at centre of animal cells (except red blood cells) that contains chromosomes

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8
Q

mitochondrion

A

structure that performs metabolic activities, providing the energy that the cell requires for all other activities

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9
Q

ribosomes

A

sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules - some are attached to endopasmic reticulum

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10
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations

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11
Q

motor neuron

A

has its soma in the spinal cord - excitation from other neurons through the dendrites of a motor neuron conducts impulses along an axon to a muscle

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12
Q

sensory neuron

A

specialized at one end to be sensitive to specific stimulation (eg. light receptors). Soma is located on a stalk off of the main trunk of the axon.

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13
Q

dendrites

A

branching fibres that get narrower at the ends, many dendritic spines/branches - surface lined with synaptic receptors to receive information

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14
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

interruptions in myelin sheath

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15
Q

axon

A

thin fibre that sends information to other neurons, often covered in myelin sheath

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16
Q

presynaptic terminal

A

bulbous end of axon branches where chemicals are released in order to cross the junction between one neuron and the next

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17
Q

afferent axon

A

brings information in - every sensory neuron is afferent to the rest of the nervous system

18
Q

efferent axon

A

brings information out - every motor neuron is efferent from the nervous system

19
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped glial cells that wrap around presynaptic terminals of a group of functionally related axons - by taking up ions released by axons and rereleasing, astrocytes help synchronize messages (also remove waste, control blood flow to the brain and dilate blood vessels during periods of hightened activity)

20
Q

microglia

A

remove waste, viruses, and fungi

21
Q

oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A

specialized types of glia that build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons

22
Q

radial glia

A

guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites during embryonic development - after development is complete, radial glia differentiate into neurons and astrocytes/oligodendrocytes

23
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

densely packed endothelial cells that line the walls of the capillaries in the brain, excluding most chemicals except some small uncharged molecules and those that cross through protein channels

24
Q

Active transport

A

A protein mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain

25
Q

glucose

A

A sugar made in the liver from carbohydrates and amino acids; most vertebrate neurons depend on glucose - metabolic pathways using glucose require oxygen, as a result the brain uses 20% of oxygen consumed by the body

26
Q

Thymine (B1)

A

Thymine is necessary for the use of glucose - prolonged thymine deficiency leads to death of neurons and Korsakoff’s syndrome (severe memory impairment)

27
Q

Speed of nerve impulse

A

1m - 100m/sec

28
Q

Electrical gradient

A

polarization - different charge inside the cell than out (neuron slightly negative inside)

29
Q

Resting potential

A

difference in voltage in a resting neuron - can be measured with a thin micro electrode inside body (commonly a fine glass tube filled with concentrated salt solution and connected to an electrode and voltmeter outside the body) typical level of charge is -70 mV

30
Q

What is the Sodium-Potassium pump?

A

protein complex- tranports 3 sodium ions out and draws 2 potassium in, as a result sodium is 10 x more concentrated outside the membrane and potassium is more concentrated inside (if charged ions flowed freely membrane would depolarize). Sodium pumped out stays out, potassium slowly leaks out leaving - charge (BBB lets things out but not in without pump)

31
Q

How does the sodium potassium pump work?

A

At rest, sodium is pulled into neuron because of concentration gradient and the slight positive charge is attracted to negative cell interior. Because of pump, more sodium is pushed out than in (contrary to what would naturally happen). Electrical gradient pulls potassium in but concentration gradient pushes it out.

32
Q

Action potential

A

messages sent by axons

  • stimulus causes neuron to reach threshold
  • depolarization (sodium and potassium channels open, sodium rushes in)
    • charge flows along axon, opens voltage gated sodium channels
  • at peak sodium channels close, now potassium will flow out (due to depolarization) returning neuron to original charge
  • potassium channels close
33
Q

hyperpolarization

A

further negative charge applied to neuron/ increased polarization

34
Q

depolarization

A

reduces charge toward 0

35
Q

threshold of excitation

A

stimulation beyond this point produces a massive depolarization of the membrane (subthreshold excitation produces some response, but any stimulation at or above threshold produces big response/action potential, amplitude/velocity of potential are independent of initiating stimulus provided threshold is reached - signals can be more frequent or rhythmically different but not faster/stronger)

36
Q

absolute refractory period

A

no stimulation will produce an action potential - 1ms

37
Q

relative refractory period

A

stronger than usual stiulation necessary to produce action potential - 2-4 ms

38
Q

propagation of action potential

A

movement of message down an axon - new action potential at each point

39
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates axon and increases speed of action potential

40
Q

myelinated axons

A

axons covered in fats and proteins (myelin sheath)

41
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potential jumping from node to node (faster, conserves energy as sodium is admitted only at nodes, otherwise sodium has to be pumped out)

42
Q

graded potential

A

a membrane potential that varies in magnitude in proportion to intensity of stimulus

Biological Psychology (11 decks)

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