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KIN 267 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

(4) basic types of tissues

A

1) epithelial
2) connective
3) muscular
4) nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial tissues

(4) functions

A

cover body surfaces
form glands
line hollow organs/cavities/duct

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3
Q 
Connective Tissue
(3) functions
A

protect, support & bind organs

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4
Q

Types of CT

A

Fat - store energy

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

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5
Q

Muscular Tissue

functions (2)

A
  • generate physical force for movement

- generate heat

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6
Q

Nervous tissue

functions (2)

A

detect changes in body

respond by generating nerve impulses

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7
Q

Tissues of the body develop from?

A

(3) primary germ layers

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8
Q

(3) primary germ layers

A

1) endoderm
2) mesoderm
3) ectoderm

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9
Q

Endoderm develops into?

A

digestive tract, lungs & resp tract, bladder

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10
Q

Mesoderm develops into?

A

muscles, bones, cartilage, blood vessels, lymph tissue, part of kidneys & gonads

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11
Q

Ectoderm develops into?

A

nervous tissue, outer skin layer, parts of sense organs, mouth, sinuses & teeth

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12
Q

What tissues are derived from mesoderm?

A

connective tissue & muscle

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13
Q

What tissues develop from ectoderm?

A

nervous tissue

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14
Q

Intracellular Junctions

- functions?

A

connect adjacent cells at specific contact points

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15
Q

Types of Intracellular Junctions (5)

A

1) tight junctions
2) adherans junctions
3) desmosomes
4) hemidesmosomes
5) gap junctions

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16
Q

1) tight junctions

A

leak-proof seal bw cells

epithelial tissue of stomach, intestines & bladder

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17
Q

2) adherans junctions

A

make adhesion belt that keeps tissue from seperating as they stretch & contract

Cadherin glycoprotein inserts into belt-like plaque which is attached to microfilaments of cytoskeleton

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18
Q

3) desmosomes

A

“spot welds”

  • use cadherin
  • similar to adherans but plaque attaches to intermediate filaments (keratin) which extend from attachment on 1 side of cell to attachment on another
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19
Q

4) hemidesmosomes

A

half-welds that join cells to basement membrane

  • look like half a desmosome
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20
Q

5) gap junctions

A

membrane proteins (connexions) form tiny fluid‐filled tunnels (connexons) that allow ions to pass between cells

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21
Q

Epithelial vs. Connective Tissue

A

Epithelial - more dense, avascular, usually forms layer with underlying & adjacent CT
- high rate of cell division

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22
Q

Why does Epithelial tissue usually form surface layer with underlying & adjacent CT

A

CT provides blood supply

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23
Q

Why does Epithelial tissue have high rate of cell division?

A

high rate of turnover - constantly shedding/scraping off skin

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24
Q

(3) major functions of Epithelium

A

1) selective barrier - limits/assists transfer of substances
2) line surfaces & form barrier
3) secrete mucous, hormones & other substances

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25
Q

Epithelium surfaces (3)

A

1) Apical
2) Lateral
3) Basal

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26
Q

Apical Surface

A

faces surface, cavity, lumen or duct

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27
Q

Lateral surface

A

faces adjacent cells

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28
Q

Basal surface

A

adher to basement membrane (contains basal & reticular lamina)

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29
Q

Epithelia named according to?

A

shape

arrangement

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30
Q

Epithelium named according to shape

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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31
Q

Epithelium named according to arrangement

A

simple
pseudostratified
stratified

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32
Q

squamous

A

flat, wide, paving stone cells

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33
Q

cuboidal

A

cells as tall as they are wide

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34
Q

columnar

A

cells taller than they are wide

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35
Q

Simple

A

one layer of cells all in contact with basement membrane

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36
Q

Pseudostratified

A

all cells contact basement membrane but not all have apical surface

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37
Q

Stratified

A

2+ layers

only basal layer contacts basement membrane

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38
Q

Transitional cells

A

cells that change shape

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39
Q

Connective Tissue

A

most abundant & widely distributed tissue in body

- most heterogeneous of tissue groups

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40
Q

Connective Tissue functions (5)

A

1) bind tissues together
2) support & strengthen tissue
3) protect & insulate internal organs
4) compartmentalize & transport
5) energy reserves & immune responses

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41
Q

Collagen

A

main protein in CT & most abundant in body (~25% of total proteins)

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42
Q

Connective Tissue characteristics

A

highly vascular & supplied with many nerves

  • sparse cells
  • surrounded by ECM
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43
Q

CT is highly vascular & supplied with many nerves.

Exception?

A

cartilage & tendon

- little to no blood supply & no nerves

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44
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

non-cellular material location between & around cells

45
Q

ECM consists of?

A

protein fibers & ground substance (fluid, semifluid, gelatinous or calcified

46
Q

Importance of the ground substance of the ECM

A

gives tissues its characteristics - elasticity/flexibility

47
Q

Cells of Connective Tissue (3)

A

1) fibroblasts
2) chondroblast
3) osteoblast

48
Q

1) fibroblasts

A

most numerous cell of CT

- secrete protein fibers (collagen, elastin & reticular) & ground substance

49
Q

2) chondroblast

A

in cartilage

50
Q

3) osteoblast

A

in bone

51
Q

cells ending in “blast”

A

common immature CT cells

52
Q

CT cells secrete?

A

3 common fibers

53
Q

CT cells secrete (3) common fibers

A

1) collagen
2) elastin
3) reticular

54
Q

Relationship between “blast” cells & “cyte” cells

A

immature blast cells differentiate into mature cyte cells after ECM is produced

55
Q

“cyte” cells

A

cells with reduced capability for cell division

56
Q

(2) major categories of Connective Tissue

A

1) Embryonic CT

2) Mature CT

57
Q

Types of Mature CT (5)

A

1) loose
2) dense
3) cartilage
4) bone
5) liquid

58
Q

Types of loose CT (3)

A

1) areolar
2) adipose
3) reticular

59
Q

Areolar CT

- location, contains & function

A

loose CT widely distributed in body
- contains several types of cells & all 3 fiber types

  • used to attach skin & underlying tissues & as packing between glands/muscles/nerves
60
Q

Adipose CT

- location & function

A

loose CT located in subQ layer deep to skin & around organs/joints
- reduces heat loss, serves as padding & energy source

61
Q

Reticular CT

- function

A

network of interlacing reticular fibers & cells

- forms stroma (supporting framework) used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as spleen & lymph nodes

62
Q

types of Dense CT (3)

A

1) dense irregular
2) dense regular
3) elastic

63
Q

Dense Irregular CT

- consists of, function

A

consists mostly of fibroblasts & collagen fibers randomly arranged in sheets
- provides strength when forces pull from many directions

64
Q

Example of Dense Irregular CT

A

fascia of muscles & joint capsules

65
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

comprise tendons, ligaments & other strong atttachments where strength along 1 axis is needed

(muscle pulling on bone)

66
Q

Elastic CT

consists of? function?

A

consists mostly of fibroblasts & freely branching elastic fibers
- allows stretching of certain tissues like elastic arteries (aorta)

67
Q

Cartilage

A

tissue with poor blood supply that grows slowly, relatively inactive
- when injured/inflamed, repair is slow

68
Q

Types of Cartilage (3)

A

1) Hyaline
2) Fibrocartilage
3) Elastic

69
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • most abundant
  • covers end of long bones & parts of ribs/nose/trachea/bronchi/larynx
  • provides smooth surface for joint movement (weak)
70
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

very strong tough cartilage with chondrocytes scattered among thick bundles of collagen fibers
- fibrocartilage disks in intervertebral spaces & knee joints support huge loads up/down long axis of body

71
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

chondrocytes located in threadlike network of elastic fibers
- make up malleable part of external ear & epiglottis

72
Q

How does Cartilage get repaired?

A

substances & blood cells required for repair must migrate into cartilage (perichondrium)

73
Q

Growth Of Cartilage - (2) types

A

1) interstitial - growth from within tissue

2) appositional - growth at outer surface of tissue

74
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

chondrocytes rapidly divide & form matrix

- childhood & adolescence

75
Q

Appositional Growth

A

cells on inner layer of perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts & create ECM, causing matrix to deposit on outer surface of cartilage & grow in width
- starts later & continues through adolescence

76
Q

Bone

A

CT with calcified intracellular matrix

  • work with skeletal muscles to provide movement & protection
  • store TAGs, red bone marrow & calcium
77
Q

Blood & Lymph

A

atypical liquid CT

78
Q

Muscle & Nerve Tissues

A

considered excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability

79
Q

electrical excitability

A

ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials

80
Q

Action potentials - what do they do?

A

propagate (travel) along plasma membrane of neuron/muscle due to presence of specific voltage-gated ion channels

81
Q

Organ

A

2 tissues combined

82
Q

Epithelial membranes

A
  • simplest organs in body
  • constructed of only epithelium & little bit of CT
    = epithelium + CT
83
Q

types of epithelial membranes (3)

A

1) mucous membranes
2) serous membranes
3) cutaneous membrane

84
Q

Mucous membranes

A

line interior body surfaces open to outside

- (tight junctions between cells, secrete mucus to hydrate, lubricate & trap particles)

85
Q

Where do you find Mucuous membranes? (3)

A

1) digestive tract
2) respiratory tract
3) reproductive tract

86
Q

Serous membranes

A

line some internal surfaces

87
Q

Where can you find Serous membranes? (3)

A

1) parietal layer next to body wall
2) serous fluid b/w layers
3) visceral layer next to organ

88
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

skin

89
Q

Synovial membrane

A

not an organ

  • enclose certain joints
  • are made of connective tissue only (NO epithelium)
90
Q

Epithelial Glands - (2) types

A

1) endocrine

2) exocrine

91
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

secrete contents directly into interstitial fluid which diffuses directly into blood (no ducts)

92
Q

types of Endocrine glands

A

pituitary
pineal
para/thryoid
adrenal

93
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

secrete contents into lumen or duct

- ducts empty onto covering & lining epithelium

94
Q

types of Exocrine Glands

A 
sweat 
oil
earwax
digestive (salivary)
pancreas
95
Q

Parenchyma

A

constitute functioning part of tissue/organ

96
Q

Stroma

A

supporting CT

97
Q

Parenchyma of Heart

A

cardiac muscle cells

98
Q

Stroma of heart

A

nerves, intrinsic blood vessels & CT

99
Q

When tissue damage is extensive, return to homeostasis depends on? (2)

A

active repair of parenchymal cells (if active in repair, tissue regeneration

or stroma (if active, impaired scar tissue will make repair) `

100
Q

Restoration of an injured tissue/organ to normal structure and function depends entirely on?

A

whether parenchymal cells are active in repair process.

101
Q

If parenchymal cells accomplish repair..

A

tissue regeneration is possible & near-perfect reconstruction may occur

102
Q

If fibroblasts of stroma are active in repair..

A

replacement tissue will be new CT

- fibroblasts synthesize collagen & other ECM material to form scar tissue (fibrosis)

103
Q

Why is the original function of the tissue impaired in scar tissue?

A

because scar tissue is not specialized to perform functions of parenchymal tissue

104
Q

Tissue Repair - Epithelium

A

cells continuously renew

105
Q

Tissue Repair - Bone

A

high rate of renewal bc of ample blood suppy

106
Q

Tissue Repair - - Muscle

A

poor capacity for renewal bc of slow division of stem cellss

107
Q

Tissue Repair -Cardiac Muscle

A

no satellite cells & existing cells dont undergo mitosis

- small # of stem cells may migrate to heart from blood

108
Q

Tissue Repair - Nervous Tissue

A

very low capacity for repair

109
Q

Aging & Tissues

1) healing rate
2) nutritional state
3) thickness of epithelium
4) CT

A

1) faster in young adults - surgery leaves no scars on fetus
2) better nutritional state, blood supply & higher metabolic rate in young tissues
3) thinner as you age
4) more fragile as you age

KIN 267 (12 decks)

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