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KIN 267 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

atomic number

A

of protons in an atom

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2
Q

mass number

A

protons + neutrons in an atom

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3
Q

atomic mass

A

average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes

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4
Q

free radicual

A

electrically charged atom/group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

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5
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body

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6
Q

exergonic reaction

A

releases energy by breaking bond with more energy than bond formed

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7
Q

endergonic reaction

A

requires that energy be added to form a bond

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8
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

anabolism

A + B ➙ AB

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9
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

catabolism

AB ➙ A + B

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10
Q

Exchange reactions

A

AB + CD ➙ AD + CB

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11
Q

Reversible reactions

A

AC ↔ A + C

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12
Q

mixture

A

combo of elements/compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds

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13
Q

colloid

A

differs from a solution mainly on basis of size of its particles (large enough to scatter light)

  • insoluble microscopic dispersed phase suspended throughout another substance
  • will not settle (or would take very long time)
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14
Q

suspension

A

heterogenous mixture containing solid particles large enough for sedimentation

  • suspended material may mix with liquid or suspending medium for some time
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15
Q

Isomers

A

have same molecular formula but different structures

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16
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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17
Q

lactose

A

glucose + galactose

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18
Q

Carbohydrates

A

provide most chemical energy needed for life

- 2:1 ratio of H to O

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19
Q

Lipids

A

contain C, H & O
few polar covalent bonds
hydrophobic

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20
Q

Lipoproteins

A

proteins + lipids

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21
Q

Fatty acids

A

carboxyl group & hydrocarbon chain
- simplest form of lipids
building blocks of triglycerides & phospholipids

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22
Q

Saturated FAs

A

single covalent bonds between C atoms which are saturated with H atoms

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23
Q

Unsaturated FAs

A

contain 1+ double covalent bonds between C atoms

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24
Q

Triglycerides

A

most plentiful lipids in body

- glycerol & 3 FAs attached by ester linkage

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25
Q

Phospholipids

A

important membrane components - amphipathic

  • polar head (phosphate group), glycerol molecule & 2 non polar FA tails
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26
Q

Steroids

A

lipids molecules that have 4 rings of carbon atoms

- based on the lipid cholesterol molecule

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27
Q

types of steroids

A

sex hormones
bile salts
some vitamins
cholesterol

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28
Q

Nucleic acids

A

huge organic molecules composed of monomeric nucleotides

  • contain C, H, O, N, P
  • carry genetic info as DNA & RNA
  • form molecules that contain our genetic code that regulates most activities that take place in our cells
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29
Q

Proteins

A

large molecules that contain C, H, O, N

made up of combos different amino acids

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30
Q

primary structure

A

give the unique sequence of AA

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31
Q

secondary structure

A

repeated twisting & folding

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32
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D shape

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33
Q

quaternary structure

A

arrangement of individual polypeptide chains in proteins containing more than 1

34
Q

nucleotides

A

basic units of nucleic acids

- nitrogenous base, pentose sugar & phosphate

35
Q

amino acid

A

C atom with H, carboxyl, amino & R group

36
Q

RNA structure differs from DNA in (3) ways

A

1) single stranded
2) ribose instead of sugar deoxyribose
3) uracial replaces thymine

37
Q

synthesis of ATP catalyzed by? What does it do?

A

ATP synthase

- adds terminal high E phosphate bond to ADP

38
Q

hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by?

A

ATPase

39
Q

Enzymes

A

special protein that catalyze (speed up) metabolic reactions in all living cells

40
Q

substrate

A

substance upon which enzymes has its effect

41
Q

enzymes speed up chemical rxns by.. (3)

A

1) increasing frequency of collisions
2) lowering activation energy
3) properly orienting colliding molecules

42
Q

Enzymes consist of (2) parts

A

1) apoenzyme - protein part

2) cofactor - non-protein part

43
Q

conezymes vs cofactors

A

coenzyme - organic (contain carbon)

cofactor - metal ion

44
Q

(3) important properties of enzymes

A

1) highly specific
2) highly efficient
3) subject to a variety of cellular controls

45
Q

energy from 1 glucose is used during both anaerobic & aerobic respiration to create how many ATP?

A

36-38 ATP molecules

46
Q

5 C sugars used in?

A

Nucleic acids

47
Q

6 C sugars most easily recognized in?

A

Our diet

48
Q

5 C sugars

A

Deoxyribose

Ribose

49
Q

6 C sugars

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

50
Q

3 major groups of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

51
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

By combining 2 monosaccharides by removing a water molecule (dehydration synthesis)

52
Q

Principal polysaccharide in human body

A

Glycogen

53
Q

When blood sugar levels drop…

A

Liver hydrolyzes glycogen to yield glucose which is released from liver into blood

54
Q

Triglycerides produced through?

Reduced through?

A

Produced by dehydration synthesis

Reduced by hydrolysis

55
Q

Energy in TAGs vs carbs & proteins

A

2x as much energy in TAGs

56
Q

Antioxidant

A

Substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals

57
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Forces of attraction that hold together atoms of molecule

58
Q

Chemical reactions occur when?

A

New bonds form and/or old bonds are broken

59
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Water, salts, acids, bases
Structurally simple
-Lack carbon

60
Q

Organic compounds

A

Always contain carbon

Usually large, complex molecules

61
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Reaction occurring when 2 small molecules combine to form 1 large molecule & water molecule

62
Q

Hydrolysis

A

To loosen or break apart molecules with addition of water

63
Q

Water has a high heat capacity

A

Can absorb/release relatively large amount of heat with only modest change in temp

  • due to large # of H ions in water
64
Q

Absorbed heat energy of water is used to?

A

Break hydrogen bonds resulting in less E used to speed up H2O molecules

65
Q

Function of carbs

A

Provide chemical E needed for life
Converted to other substances which are used to build structures & generate ATP
- food reserve

66
Q

LDL vs HDL

A

LDL - stick in arteries

HDL - carry cholesterol to liver

67
Q

Dipeptides formed from?

A

2 as joined by covalent bond (peptide bond)

68
Q

Polypeptide

A

Chain contains 10-2000 AAs

69
Q

DNA

A

Remain inside nucleus

Master template of genetic code

70
Q

RNA

A

Slightly different nucleic acid macromolecule that relays instructions from nucleus to guide assembly of AAs into proteins in cytoplasm

71
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A

total mass of reactants = total mass of products

72
Q

Energy

A

capacity to do work

73
Q

What is transferred in a chemical reaction?

A

Energy

74
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy of matter in motion

75
Q

Potential Energy

due to? or?

A

energy stored in matter

- due to objects position in space OR stored in chemical bonds

76
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weak interactions between H & adjacent EN atoms

77
Q

Hydrogen bonds result from?

A

attraction of oppositely charged part of molecules

78
Q

In water, H bonding provides considerable ___ which creates very high ____ ___

A

cohesion

surface tension

79
Q

Factors that cause collision (& chemical rxn to take place) include? (3)

A

1) temperature
2) [reactants]
3) presence/absence of catalyst

80
Q

concentration

A

way of stating amount of molecule in solution

81
Q

percent

A

relative mass of solute found in 100 ml solution

82
Q

mole

A

convenient way of counting large #s of small things (atoms/molecules)

6.02 x 10^23

KIN 267 (12 decks)

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