Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
study of body structure
Physiology
science of body functions
Levels of organization
chemical (atomic < molecular) cellular tissue organ system organism
cells
basic structural & functional units of an organism
tissues
groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function
4 basic types of tissues
epithelium
connective tissue
muscle
nerves
organs
structures composed of 2+ different types of tissues
organ system
consists of related organs with a common function
organism
consists of a collection of organ system
(6) important life processes
1) metabolism
2) responsiveness
3) movement
4) growth
5) differentiation
6) reproduction
Integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, glands
protect, regulate temp, eliminate waste
Skeletal System
bones, joints
protection, support
- houses cells that will become RBCs, WBCs & platelets
Muscular system
skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle
- works with skeletal sysem to facilitate movement & maintain posture
- generates heat to maintain constant body temp
Nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory organs
- senses & responds to body conditions through nerve impulses
Endocrine system
hormone-producing cells & glands
- regulates body through chemical mechanisms (by releasing hormones into blood)
Cardiovascular system
heart, blood & blood vessels
- carries blood & nutrients to specific locations
- regulates body temp & water balance
Lymphatic system
lymphatic fluid/nodes & lymphocytes & associated organs (tonsils/spleen/thymus gland)
- transports fats & proteins to cardiovascular system
- filters blood & protects against disease
Respiratory System
upper airways, trachea, major bronchi, lungs
- extracts O2, eliminates CO2
- in conjugation with kidneys, regulates acid/base balance
Urinary sytem
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
- physical/chemical breakdown of food
- elimination of waste
Reproductive system
ovaries, uterus, vagina
testes, penis
- reproduction of individual or organism
metabolism
sum of all catabolic & anabolic chemical processes occurring in the body
Responsiveness
body’s ability to detect and respond to changes which might represent an opportunity or threat
growth
involves an increase in body size due to an increase in existing cells/# of cells
Differentiation
development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state
Reproduction
formation of new cells
Intracellular fluid
fluid within cells
Extracellular fluid
fluid outside cells
Interstitial fluid
ECF between cells & tissues
body fluids
dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or out of cells
Important body fluids
blood plasma lymph cerebrospinal fluid synovial fluid aqueous humor
blood plasma
ECF within blood vessels
lymph
ECF within lymphatic vessels
cerebrospinal fluid
ECF in brain & spinal cord
synovial fluid
ECF in joints
aqueous humor
ECF in eyes
Cellular function depends on the regulation of the composition of the __ ___
interstitial fluid
Feedback system
(3) basic components
Body is monitored & re-monitored
Each monitored variable = controlled condition
1) receptor
2) control center
3) effector
receptor
body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition
- sends input to the control center.
control center
sets range of values to be maintained
- Evaluates input received from receptors & generates output command
(Impulse, hormone, other chemical agent)
effector
receives output from the control center
- produces a response/ effect that changes the controlled condition
(Every organ or tissue )
Negative feedback
Reverses a change in controlled condition
Positive feedback
Strengthens or reinforces change in one of the body’s controlled conditions
