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KIN 267 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

simple cells with no nucleus

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2
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

complex cells with a nucleus & sub cellular structures (organelles)

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3
Q

all eukaryotic cells are composed of (3) main parts

A

1) plasma membrane
2) cytoplasm
3) nucleus

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4
Q

1) plasma membrane
2) cytoplasm
3) nucleus

A

1) outer boundary & separates cells internal environment from outside
2) gelatin-like substance + structural fibers b/w pm & nucleus - includes organelles (not nucleus)
3) contains genetic library of cell

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5
Q

cytoplasm

(2) components

A

1) cytosol - fluid portion

2) organelles - subcellular structure embedded in cytosol

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6
Q

Plasma Membrane - functions

A

covers, protects, controls in/outflow, links to other cells, tells other cells who it is (flying flags)

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7
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

arrangement of molecules within the membrane

  • resembles sea of phospholipids with protein “icebergs” floating in it
  • Lipids act as barrier to certain polar substances
  • proteins act as gatekeepers, allowing passage of specific molecules/ions
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8
Q

phospholipids

A

form lipid bilayer - cholesterol & glycolipids

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9
Q

Integral proteins

A

extend into/through bilayer

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10
Q

(2) Integral proteins

A

transmembrane

peripheral

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11
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

(most integral proteins) span the entire lipid bilayer.

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12
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

attach to inner or outer surface but don’t extend through membrane

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13
Q

Structure of the membrane

A

phosphlipids
integral proteins
2 back-2-back layers of phospholipid molecules (& cholesterol & glycoproteins)
polar head faces water on inside & outside

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14
Q

the plasma membrane’s arrangement is due to…

A

amphipathic nature of lipid molecules

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15
Q

Glycoproteins

A

membrane proteins with carb group attached that protrude into ECF

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16
Q

Glycocalyx

A

entire sugar-coating surrounding membrane
- carb portion of glycolipids & glycoproteins
-

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17
Q

Glycocalyx enables…

A

WBCs to detect foreign organisms, allows cells to adhere to one another & protects cells from enzymes in ECF

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18
Q

Functions of the membrane (5)

A 
ion channels 
carrier 
receptor 
enzymes 
cell-identity markers
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19
Q

Examples of different membrane proteins include (6)…

A

1) ion channels (integral)
2) carriers (integral)
3) receptors (integral)
4) enzymes (integral & peripheral)
5) linkers (int. & perip)
6) cell-identity markers (glycoprotein)

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20
Q

1) ion channels (integral)

A

allow ions to move through water-filled pore

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21
Q

2) carriers (integral)

aka transporters

A

carries specific substances across membrane by changing shape
(ex. amino acids)

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22
Q

3) receptors (integral)

A

recognizes specific ligand & alters cells functions in some way.

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23
Q

4) enzymes (integral & peripheral)

A

catalyzes rxn inside or outside cell (depending on which direction active site faces)

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24
Q

5) linkers (int. & perip)

A

anchors filaments inside & outside PM providing structural stability & shape for cell
- may also help movement or link 2 cells together

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25
Q

6) cell-identity markers (glycoprotein)

A

distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s

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26
Q

selective permeability

A

membrane allows some substances across (small, non polar) but not others (large, polar)

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27
Q

Rule of Thumb about Selective Permeability

A

small neutrally-charged lipid-soluble substances can freely pass

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28
Q

Exception to the Rule of Thumb about Selective Permeability

A

Water is a special case

- highly polar but still can pass b/c of its small size

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29
Q

How do impermeable substances cross the PM?

A

transmembrane proteins that act as channels & transporters

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30
Q

[O2] & [Na+]

a) inside cell (cytosol)
b) outside cell (ECF)

A

a) [lower]

b) [higher]

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31
Q

[CO2] & [K+]

a) inside cell (cytosol)
b) outside cell (ECF)

A

a) [higher]

b) [lower]

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32
Q

Charge of:

a) inner cell surface
b) outer cell surface

A

a) negatively charged

b) positively charged

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33
Q

the negative charged inner surface and the positively charged outer surface creates a…

A

electrochemical gradient (membrane potential)

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34
Q

Transport Processes

A

passive processes

active processes

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35
Q

Passive processes (3)

A

a) diffusion of solutes
b) diffusion of water (osmosis)
c) facilitated diffusion

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36
Q

Diffusion

A

passive spread of particles through random motion from areas of [high] to [low]

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37
Q

Diffusion is affected by the amount of ___ & ___ of ___ ___

A

substance & steepness of concentration gradient

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38
Q

Diffusion is also affected by (3)

A

1) temperature (fever)
2) surface area (emphysema)
3) diffusion distance (pneumonia)

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39
Q

Passive Transport Processes - types of diffusion (3) (not including osmosis)

A

a) simple diffusion
b) channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
c) carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

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40
Q

a) simple diffusion

A

when substances move through lipid bilayer without transport proteins
- non-polar hydrophobic molecules move this way

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41
Q

b) channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

process where solutes move down [gradient] through membrane channel

  • small hydrophillic molecules
  • gates operate randomly or mediated by electrical/chemical changes
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42
Q

c) carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

process where carrier protein moves solute down [gradient]

  • solute binds to carrier on one side & is released on other side when carrier changes shape

(# of carriers limit speed)

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43
Q

Is Simple Diffusion or Channel-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion slower? Why?

A

Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion is slower b/c of small SA of transmembrane protein

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44
Q

Example of channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

passage of K+ ions through gated K+ channel

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45
Q

Example of carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

glute 4 transportes

- passage of glucose across cell membrane

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46
Q

Osmosis

A

net movement of water through selectively permeable membrane from area of high [water] concentration to one of lower [water]

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47
Q

Osmosis only occurs when..

A

membrane is permeable to water & not solute

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48
Q

water can pass through PM in (2) ways

A

1) through lipid bilayer (by simple diffusion)

2) through aquaporins (integral membrane proteins)

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49
Q

osmotic pressure

A

force generated by movement of water from [high] to [low] of water

minimum pressure which needs to be applied to solution to prevent inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane

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50
Q

Active transport processes

A

transportation of solutes against concentration gradient by using energy

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51
Q

Primary active transport

A

ATP changes shape of carrier protein which pumps substance across membrane against gradient

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52
Q

Primary active transporters are also known as…

A

pump

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53
Q

Cells expend __%of the ATP they produce on primary active transport

A

~40%

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54
Q

Primary active transport

- pushes __ out & __ into cell in order to maintain…

A

Na+ out
K+ in
to maintain low [Na+] inside cell & [K+] outside

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55
Q

secondary active transport (co-transport)

A

energy stored in Na+ or H+ gradient is used to drive other substances across their own gradients

  • indirectly uses energy from ATP
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56
Q

Secondary Active Transport Mechanisms (2)

A

1) Antiporters

2) Symporters

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57
Q

1) Antiporters

A

carry 2 substances across membrane in opposite directions

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58
Q

2) Symporters

A

carry 2 substances across membrane in same direction

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59
Q

Example of Antiporter

A

Na+ in
Ca2+ out

Na+ in
H+ out

60
Q

Example of Symporter

A

Na+ & glucose/amino acid in

61
Q

Vesicle

A

small spherical sac formed by budding off from membrane

62
Q

Endocytosis

A

materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

63
Q

(3) types of Endocytosis

A

1) receptor-mediated endocytosis
2) phagocytosis
3) bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis)

64
Q

Exocytosis

A

materials move out of cell by fusion of vesicle formed inside cell with PM - releases contents into ECF

65
Q

Transcytosis

A

combination of endocytosis & exocytosis

66
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - steps

A

1) binding
2) vesicle formation
3) uncoating
4) fusion with endosome
5) recycling of receptors to PM
6) degradation in lyosome

67
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

1) binding
2) vesicle formation
3) uncoating
4) fusion with endosome
5) recycling of receptors to PM
6) degradation in lyosome

A

1) LDL particle binds to receptor
2) invagination of clathrin-coated PM to form vesicle
3) uncoating of clathrin
4) fusion of vesicle with endosome
5) receptors are recycled back to PM
6) lysosomes degrade remaining molecules

68
Q

Phagocytosis

A

pseudopods engulf microbe attached to
- forms phagosome, fuses with lysosome
lysosomal enzymes digest leaving residual body
- secreted via exocytosis or remain stored in cell as lipofuscin granules

69
Q

Pinocytosis (bulk-phase endocytosis)

A

non-specific - inward folding of PM forms vesicle containing droplet of ECF
- vesicle detaches from PM & enters cytosol
-fluid & dissolved solutes in vesicle
fusion of lysosome & vesicle -
digestion of solutes by lysosmal enzymes

70
Q

(2) Components of the cytoplasm

A

1) cytosol

2) organelles

71
Q

1) cytosol

A

intracellular fluid surrounding organelles
75-90% water
- site of many chemical rxns which provide building blocks for cell maintenance, structure, function & gowth

72
Q

2) organelles

A

Specialized structures within the cell, each with specific enzymes

73
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments throughout cytosol

that provides structural support for cell

74
Q

(3) types of protein filaments of the Cytoskeleton

A

1) microfilaments
2) intermediate filaments
3) microtubules

75
Q

1) microfilaments

A

thinnest
- composed of proteins actin & myosin
functions in structure (provides support) & movement (muscle contractions)

76
Q

2) intermediate filaments

A

second largest/widest

- help stabilize organelles & attach cells to one another

77
Q

3) microtubules

A

Largest

  • composed of protein tubulin
  • attached to centromeres
  • help determine cell shape
  • function in movement of organelles/xsomes/cilia/flagella
78
Q

Centrosome

A

located near nucleus, consists of 2 centrioles (right angles) & periocentriolar material

  • organizing centre important in cell division
79
Q

Cilia

A

short, hair-like projections from the cell surface, move fluids along a cell surface

80
Q

Flagella

A

longer than cilia, move an entire cell

only example is the sperm cell’s tail

81
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of membrane in shape of flattened sacs/tubules

82
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

83
Q

Rough ER

A

series of membrane sacs connected to nuclear envelope

- surface studded with ribosomes to produce proteins

84
Q

Smooth ER

A

network of membrane tubules, no ribosomes but contains enzymes that play key role in synthesis of FAs & steroids, detox of certain drugs (alcohol)

85
Q

Golgi complex

A

consists of 3-20 flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae

86
Q

Cisternae

A

the flattened, membranous sacs of the Golgi Complex

87
Q

Golgi Complex - proteins & packaging

A

1) transport vesicle from rough ER transported to cis face
2) fuse with cis face membrane & empty contents into lumen
3) proteins are modified (enzymes add carbs (glycoprotein) or lipids (lipoprotein) in the medial cistern
4) sort & package proteins for transport to different destinations on trans face

88
Q

proteins are sorted & packaged into (3) vesicles

A

1) secretory - proteins exported from cell by exocytosis
2) membrane - proteins in vesicle membrane merge with PM
3) transport - to bind with lysosome

89
Q

Lysosomes

A

vesicles formed from Golgi complex that contain powerful digestive enzymes that break down molecules within vesicles formed during endocytosis

90
Q

(2) mechanisms of lysosomes

A

1) autophagy

2) autolysis

91
Q

1) autophagy

A

the process of engulfing other organelles, digesting them & returning their components to the cytosol

92
Q

2) autolysis

A

process of destroying cells that contain them

93
Q

Peroxisomes

found where?

A

organelles smaller than lysosomes that detoxify (contain oxidases) several toxic substances
- abundant in the liver

94
Q

Proteasomes

  • function
  • location
  • contain
A

continuously destroy unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins

  • found in cytosol & nucleus
  • contain proteases that breakdown proteins in aa for recycling
95
Q

Mitochondria

generate. .
have. .

A

powerhouse of cell

  • generate ATP through aerobic respiration
  • self-replicate
  • contain own DNA (from mother)
  • have inner & outer mito. membrane with folds in inner membrane (cristae) & a central fluid-filled cavity (matrix)
96
Q

Mitochondria are more prevalent in which cells?

A

physiologically active cells such as muscle, liver & kidney cells

97
Q

– How would you increase the # of mitochondria in muscle cells?

A

aerobic activity/exercise at a lower intensity

98
Q

Cristae

A

series of folds of the inner membrane

99
Q

Matrix

A

large central fluid-filled cavity

100
Q

Mitochondria self-replicate when? (2)

A

during times of increased cellular demand or before cell division

101
Q

Mitochondria are located ?

A

within cell where O2 enters or ATP is used

102
Q

Where are the enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration located in the mitochondria?

A

located on the cristae & in matrix

103
Q

Nucleus

A

spherical/oval structure with a nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoli, genes & chromosomes

104
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

double membrane that separates nucleus from cytoplasm (outer membrane continuous with rough ER)

105
Q

Nuclear pores

A

numerous opening in nuclear envelope that control movement of substances b/w nucleus & cytoplasm

106
Q

Nucleoli

A

spherical body in nucleus that produces ribosomes

107
Q

Genes

A

cells hereditary units arranged along xsomes

- that control activities & structure of cell

108
Q

Chromosomes

A

long molecules of DNA combined with protein molecules

109
Q

Transcription

A

DNA → RNA → mRNA
promotor region initiates transcription of gene
RNA polymerase unwinds double helix and adds matching RNA nucleotides until terminator sequence is reached

110
Q

Translation

(1) initiation

A

mRNA → protein
initiation begins when small subunit of ribosome attaches to 5’ end cap & moves to initiation site
- tRNA with complementary anticodon binds to start codon (AUG).
- large subunit now binds to create P & A site.

111
Q

Translation

(2) elongation

A
  • a 2nd tRNA occupies P site.
  • aa from first tRNA (met) is transferred to A site aa & then exits.
  • ribosome moves along mRNA (shifting 2nd tRNA to P site) & next tRNA enters
  • growing peptide continuously transferred to A-site tRNA
112
Q

Translation

(3) termination

A
  • continues until stop codon is encountered & release factor enters A site
  • translation terminated →ribosome dissociates & newly formed polypeptide (protein) is released
113
Q

Somatic Cell Division - Mitosis

A

each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell

114
Q

Somatic cells

A

any cell other than a germ cell (reproductive cell)

115
Q

Cell Cycle

A

sequence of events in which a body cell duplicates its contents & divides into 2

116
Q

Human somatic cells contain ___ pairs of xsomes

A

23

total of 46

117
Q

homologous xsomes (homologs)

A

the 2 xsomes that make up each pair

118
Q

diploid cells

A

somatic cells that contain 2 sets of xsomes

119
Q

Cell Division - Cell Cycle

(2) phases

A

1) Interphase

2) Mitotic phase

120
Q

1) Interphase

A

cell is NOT dividing
- replicates its DNA
consists of (3) phases

121
Q

(3) phases of Interphase

A

1) G1
2) S
3) G2

122
Q

1) G1

A

1) metabolically active, duplicates organelles & cytosolic components, centrosome replication begins

123
Q

2) S

A

DNA replicated

124
Q

3) G2

A

reaches max size

  • centrosome replication completed
  • enzymes & proteins synthesized
125
Q

length of time for

1) G1
2) S
3) G2

A

a) 8-10 hours
b) 8 hours
c) 4-6 hours

126
Q

2) Mitotic Phase

A

consists of nuclear division (mitosis) & cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) to form 2 identical cells

127
Q

Nuclear Division: MITOSIS

(4) phases

A

1) prophase
2) metaphase
3) anaphase
4) telophase

128
Q

1) prophase

A

chromatin fibers condense into xsomes

129
Q

2) metaphase

A

microtubules align centromeres of chromatid pairs at metaphase plate

130
Q

3) anaphase

A

chromatid pairs split at centromere & move to opposite poles of cell

131
Q

4) telophase

A

2 identical nuclei are formed around identical sets of xsomes now in their chromatin form

132
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of cells cytoplasms to form 2 identical cells

133
Q

When do Cytokinesis begin?

A

usually in late anaphase (before telophase)

134
Q

Cytokinesis: process

A

plasma membrane constricts at its middle forming a CLEAVAGE FURROW
- cells eventually splits into 2 daughter cells

135
Q

Once Cytokinesis is complete, what happens?

A

Interphase begins

136
Q

average adult has __ __ cells

A

nearly 100 trillion

137
Q

__ different types of cells

A

200

138
Q

cellular diversity permits __ of cells into more __ __ & __

A

organization

complex tissues & organs

139
Q

largest human cell

A

female egg cell - about the diameter of a human hair

140
Q

telomeres

A

DNA sequences found at tips of each xsome

141
Q

Telomeres - function/purpose

A

protect xsomes from sticking to one another & from erosion

142
Q

Aging & Telomeres - shortening

A

normal cell divison shortens telomeres & after many years telomeres become significantly shorter

  • also stress shortens telomeres
143
Q

Aging & Glucose

A

glucose is added to proteins creating crosslinks with neighbouring proteins - decreases elasticity

144
Q

Immune System & Aging

A

may attack bodies cell

- caused by changes in cell-indentity markers thus marking cell for destruction

145
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure which is exerted on portion of a column of water as a result of the weight of the fluid above it

pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at given point within the fluid, due to force of gravity

146
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

works to maintain a [low Na+ ] and a [high K+] in cytosol

  • binding of 3 Na+ triggers hydrolysis of ATP & phosphorylates pump protein
  • reaction changes shape of pump protein, expelling 3 Na+ into ECF & binds 2 K+
  • triggers release of P which causes shape change & releases the 2 K+ into cytosol

KIN 267 (12 decks)

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