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KIN 267 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

As sensory impulses reach CNS, they become part of?

A

large pool of sensory input

→each piece of incoming info is combined with other arriving & previously stored info in integration process

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3
Q

Integration occurs at?

A

many places along pathways in spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, basal nuclei & cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Sensations

A

conscious perception or subconscious awareness of changes occuring in external or internal environment

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5
Q

Sensory Modality

A

each unique type of sensation

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6
Q

A given sensory neuron carries info for how many modalities?

A

jus`t one

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7
Q

2 classes of sensory modalities

A

1) general senses
2) special senses

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8
Q

General senses

A

somatic senses

visceral senses

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9
Q

somatic senses

A

include:

tactile → touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle

thermal → warm/cold

pain

proprioception→ awareness of limb & joint position in space

  • conscious awareness
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10
Q

visceral senses

A

provide info about conditions within internal organs

only become conscious when pain receptors stimulated

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11
Q

Process of sensation begins in?

A

sensory receptor

  • can be either specialized cell or dendrites of sensory neuron
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12
Q

Selectivity of sensory receptors

A

characteristic of sensory receptors

particular kind of stimulus (change in env) activates certain sensory receptors, while others only respond weakly or not at all

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13
Q

Process of Sensation (4 steps)

A

1) Stimulation of Sensory Receptor
2) Transduction of Stimulus
3) Generation of Nerve Impulses
4) Integration of Sensory Input

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14
Q

1) Stimulation of Sensory Receptor

A

an appropriate **stimulus **must occur within receptor’s **receptive field **(region where stimulation activates receptor & produces response)

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15
Q

2) Transduction of the stimulus

A

sensory receptor converts energy in stimulus to **graded potential **

(GPs vary in amplitude (size) depending on strength of stimulus & are not propagated)

exhibits **selectivity **(can only transduce 1 kind of stimulus)

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16
Q

3) Generation of Nerve Impulses

A

when sum of GPs in (first-order) sensory neuron reaches **threshold, **triggers 1+ **nerve impulses **which propagate towards **CNS **

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17
Q

4) Integration of Sensory Input

A

particular region of CNS integrates # or variety or sensory nerve impulses

results in **conscious sensation/perceptions **in cerebral cortex

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18
Q

**Sensory Receptors **can be grouped into several classes based on **structural **& **functional characteristics **(3)

A

1) microscopic structure
2) location of receptors & origin of stimuli that activate them
3) type of stimulus **detected **

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19
Q

Receptors named according to:

1) microscopic structure

A

1) Free nerve endings of first-order sensory neurons
2) encapsulated nerve endings of first-order sensory neurons
3) seperate nerve cells that synapse with first-order neurons

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20
Q

1) Free nerve endings of first-order sensory neurons

A

bare dendrites without structural specifications

  • include: **pain, temperature, tickle, itch **
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21
Q

2) encapsulated nerve endings of first-order sensory neurons

A

dendrites enclosed in CT capsule

**pressure & vibration **

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22
Q

3) seperate nerve cells that synapse with first-order neurons

A

include **specialized receptor cells **for special senses

**taste buds, hair cells **for hearing, photoreceptors

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23
Q

Receptors named according to:
2) location & origin of stimuli that activates them

A

1) Exteroceptors
2) Interoceptors
3) Proprioceptors

24
Q

1) Exteroceptors

A

located at or near external surface of body and respond to external stimuli

25
Q

2) Interoceptors

A

visceroceptors

  • located in **blood vessels, organs, muscles **

produce impulses which usually are not consciously percieved

26
Q

3) Proprioceptors

A

located in **muscle, tendon, joints & inner ear **

  • provide info about **body position, muscle length & tension, **movement ofjoints **
27
Q

Receptors named according to **type of stimulus detected **

A

1) Mechanoceptors
2) thermoreceptors
3) nociceptors
4) photoceptors
5) chemoreceptors
6) osmoreceptors

28
Q

1) Mechanoceptors

A

sensitive to deformation

29
Q

2) thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temp

30
Q

3) nociceptors

A

respond to painful stimuli

31
Q

4) photoceptors

A

activated by photons of light

32
Q

5) chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (smell) & body fluids

33
Q

6) osmoreceptors

A

detect osmotic pressure of body fluids

34
Q

Adaptation

A

characteristic feature of most sensory receptors

in which **generator or receptor **potential **decreases **in amplitude during sustained or constant stimulus

35
Q

Why does the perception of a sensation fade or disappear even though stimulus persists?

A

because of **adaption **

*bc of accommodation response at receptor level, frequence of nerve impulses traveling to cerebral cortex decreases & perception of sensation fades despite persisting stimulus *

36
Q

Receptors vary in how quickly they adapt (2)

A

Rapidly adapting receptors - **specialized for signaling changes in stimulus **(pressure, touch, smell)

Slowly adapting receptors - **adapt slowly & continue to trigger nerve impulses as long as stimulus persists **(pain, body position & chemical composition of blood)

37
Q

Thermoreceptors (2)

A

**cold & warm **receptors

  • both adapt quickly at onset of stimulus
38
Q

What temperature range will stimulate pain receptors instead of thermal receptors?

A

**below 10 degrees celsius **

**above 48 degrees celsius **

39
Q

Nociceptors

A

chemoreceptive free nerve endings activated by tissue damage from intense thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli

  • found in **every tissue of body EXCEPT brain **
40
Q

(2) types of pain

A

1) fast
2) slow

41
Q

Fast pain

A
  • Perception (acute, well localized) occurs rapidly bc nerve impulses propagate along medium-diameter, myelinated A fibers
42
Q

Slow Pain

A

begins after stimulus applied & gradually increases in intensity over period of several seconds/minutes

  • impulses conduct along **small-diameter unmyelinated C fibers **
  • may be excruciating, often burning, aching, throbbing
43
Q

**Superficial **somatic pain

A

pain that arises from stimulation of receptors in **skin **

44
Q

Deep somatic pain

A

caused by stimulation of receptors in **skeletal muscles, joints, tendons & fascia **

45
Q

**Visceral **pain

A

from stimulation of **nociceptors **in visceral organs

  • felt in or just deep to skin overlying stimulated organ or in surface area far from stimulated organ (referred pain)
46
Q

**Proprioceptive sensations **allow us to know?

A

where are limbs are even with closed eyes

47
Q

**proprioceptors **inform us of?

A

degree of **muscle contraction, tension in tendons & joint positions **

48
Q

Tendon Organs

A

located at **junction of tendon & muscle **

  • monitor tension
49
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

**proprioceptors **in skeletal muscle that monitor changes in length & participate in stretch reflexes

50
Q

How does brain set overall level of muscle tone (small degree of contraction that is present while muscle is at rest)

A

By adjusting how vigorously muscle spindle responds to stretching of skeletal muscle

51
Q

Muscle Spindles consist of?

A

several slowly adapting sensory nerve endings wrapped around **3-10 **specialized muscle fibers (intrafusal muscle fibers)

52
Q

Location of Muscle Spindles

A

plentiful in muscles that control fine movements

more sparse in those that **control course/forceful movements **

53
Q

**2 **kinds **of graded potentials produced by sensory receptors

A

1) **generator **potentials
2) **receptor **potentials

54
Q

1) **generator **potentials
- produced by?

A

produced by dendrites of **free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings **& receptive part of **olfactory receptors **

  • if large enough to reach **threshold, **triggers 1+ nerve impulses in first-order neuron axon which propogate along axon into CNS
55
Q

2) receptor potentials

A

produced by sensory receptors that are seperate cells

  • triggers release of neurotransmitters through **exocytosis **of synaptic vesicle
  • diffuse across synaptic cleft & produce postsynaptic potential in first-order neuron
  • may trigger 1+ nerve impulses which propogate along axon into CNS
56
Q
A

KIN 267 (12 decks)

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