Chapter 4

Question 1

Critical elements of socialization

Answer 1

Interpersonal relationships
Community ecological conditions
Social change
Socioeconomic status
Racial disparity

Question 2

Culture of poverty

Answer 2

Oscar Lewis, 1966- Burden faced by the urban poor

“permanent underclass” whose members have little chance of upward mobility

Members of urban underclass referred to as “truly disadvantaged”

Key concepts- fatherless/motherless homes, gov’t aid, lack of employment opportunities, extreme poverty, inadequate healthcare

Question 3

Cultural transmisson

Answer 3

Delinquent traditions passed on from one generation to the next

Question 4

Anomie/Strain theory (Robert Merton)

Answer 4

W/o acceptable means for obtaining success, individuals feel psychological strain; turn to alternative means to reach their goals

Question 5

General strain (Robert Agnew)

Answer 5

Strain caused by:

Failure to achieve + goals, removal of + stimuli, and introduction of - stimuli

Question 6

Cultural Deviance

Answer 6

Delinquency is the result of lower class youths desire to conform to lower class values that conflict with the larger society

Question 7

Parental efficacy

Answer 7

Positive parental influence=+ youth, negative influence = - youth