Chapter 4 Flashcards
are biomolecules made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
proteins
the first protein to have its 3D structure known by x-ray crystallography.
myoglobin
Protein structure (4)
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
protein structure:
sequence in which AA are linked together.
Primary structure
- occurs when chains
of AA fold or twist at specific points forming new shapes due to formation of H bonds between hydrophobic AA
Secondary structure
2 types of secondary protein structure:
alpha helix, beta sheets
= amino acids form right handed
spiral so hydrogen bonds stabilize the structure
linking an amino acid’s nitrogen atom to the
oxygen atom of another amino acid
Alpha helix
= hydrogen bonds link nitrogen and oxygen atoms forming sheets that are parallel/antiparallel
Beta sheet
= 3 dimensional
polypeptides and are formed when
secondary structures are cross linked. This structure of protein determines its function
Tertiary structures
are unique,
globular, three-dimensional complexes
built of several polypeptides
Quaternary structures
Applications of Proteins in
healthcare (2)
Treatment of damaged corneas;
Screening molecules associated
with disease
Biosynthetic corneas from synthetically cross recombinant
produced in ___cell.
yeast
Applications of Proteins in
Industry (4)
Food processing
-Textiles and leather goods
-detergents
-Bioremediation:
categories of proteins include (7)
antibodies,
enzymes,
cytokines,
hormones,
signaling peptides,
structural component, and
transport/storage proteins.
is a biomolecule that speeds up biochemical reactions
enzyme
examples of enzymes (8)
-Glycosidase (carbohydrase)
-Proteases
-Lipases
-Pectinases
-Lactases
-Glucose isomerase
-Cellulases/hemicellulases
- Penicillin Acylase
___=breakdown starch
____=digest milk sugar
Amylase;
Lactases
___=, digest proteins for detergents, meat/leather,
cheese, animal/human digestive aids
___= break down other fats in dairy and vegetable oil products
Proteases;
Lipases
____=, digest enzymes in fruit juice/pulp
___=produces high-fructose
syrups
Pectinases
Glucose isomerase
___=, produce animal
feeds, fruit juices, brewing converters
▪ ____=, produces penicillin
Cellulases/hemicellulases;
Penicillin Acylase
Application of Recombinant
Proteins (4)
Medicine
Food production
Cleaning industry
Environment
protein-based pharmaceutical products (13)
-Erythropoietin
-interleukins 1,2,3,4
-monoclonal antibodies
-Interferons
-Colony-stimulating factors
-blood clotting factors
-human growth factor
-epidermal growth factor
-insulin
-insulin-like growth factor
-tissue plasminogen factor
-tumor necrosis factor
-vaccines
what protein?
treatment of anemia
Erythropoietin
what protein?
treatment of cancer, AIDS; radiation or drug induced bone marrow suppression
interleukins 1,2,3,4
what protein?
treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis; diagnostics purposes
monoclonal antibodies
what protein?
treatment of cancer, allergies, asthma, arthritis, infectious disease
Interferons
what protein?
treatment of cancer, low blood cell count; adjuvant chemotherapy; AIDS therapy
Colony-stimulating factors
what protein?
treatment of hemophilia, related clotting disorders
blood clotting factors
what protein?
treatment of growth deficiency in children
HGF
what protein?
treatment of wounds, skin ulcers, cancer
epidermal growth factor
what protein?
treatment of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus
insulin
what protein?
treatment of types 1 diabetes mellitus
insulin-like growth factor
what protein?
treatment after heart attack, stroke
tissue plasminogen factor
what protein?
cancer treatment
tumor necrosis factor
